Essential oils of cloves

A very small amount of aceteugenol is present in essential oil of cloves. Its constitution is as follows —... 

Guan, W., Li, S., Yan, R., Tang, S. and Quan, C. (2007) Comparison of essential oils of clove buds extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide and other three traditional extraction methods. Food Chemistry 101 (4), 1558-1564. 

Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) Eugenol is not actually derived from a terpene molecule (as opposed to carvacrol and thymol) but it is a phenol and is found in essential oils of clove, cinnamon leaf, pimento, ylang ylang and rose. It has a spicy, pungent odour typical of clove. 

A series of pentaketides derived from five C2 units is also known. Eugenone (8) (Fig. 5.3) occurs in the essential oil of cloves, Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae). Citrinin (9), a carcinogenic antimicrobial metabolite produced by several... 

Pimento Berry Oil. The pimento or allspice tree, Pimenta dioca L. (syn. P. officinalis, Liadl.), a native of the West Indies and Central America, yields two essential oils of commercial importance pimento berry oil and pimenta leaf oil. The leaf oil finds some use ia perfumery for its resemblance to clove leaf and cinnamon leaf oils as a result of its high content of eugenol. Pimento berry oil is an item of commerce with extensive appHcation by the flavor industry ia food products such as meat sauces, sausages, and pickles, and moderate use ia perfumery, where it is used primarily as a modifier ia the modem spicy types of men s fragrances. The oil is steam-distilled from dried, cmshed, fully grown but unripe fmits. It is a pale yellow Hquid with a warm-spicy, sweet odor with a fresh, clean topnote, a tenacious, sweet-balsamic-spicy body, and a tea-like undertone. A comparative analysis of the headspace volatiles of ripe pimento berries and a commercial oil has been performed and differences are shown ia Table 52 (95). 

In a phenol, a hydroxyl group is attached directly to an aromatic ring. The parent compound, phenol itself, Cr,HsOH (4), is a white, crystalline, molecular solid. It was once obtained from the distillation of coal tar, but now it is mainly synthesized from benzene. Many substituted phenols occur naturally, some being responsible for the fragrances of plants. They are often components of essential oils, the oils that can be distilled from flowers and leaves. Thymol (5), for instance, is the active ingredient of oil of thyme, and eugenol (6) provides most of the scent and flavor of oil of cloves. 

The ZOE cement has a long history. Eugenol is the essential constituent of oil of cloves, which has been used medically since the fourth century... 

Molnar, 1942). Its use specifically to relieve toothache was recorded by Vigo in the sixteenth century and reactions with metal oxides were reported by Bonastre (1827a,b). The earliest zinc oxide chelate cements used creosote (King, 1872) and later this was mixed with oil of cloves (Chisholm, 1873). Then oil of cloves was used by itself (Flagg, 1875) and finally its essential constituent, eugenol (Wessler, 1894). 

The ZOE impression paste is essentially a two-paste ZOE cement. One paste is formed by plasticizing the zinc oxide powder with 13 % of mineral or vegetable oil. The other paste consists of 12% eugenol or oil of cloves, 50% polymerized rosin, 20% silica filler, 10% resinous balsam (to improve flow) and 5 % calcium chloride (accelerator). 

The use of terpenoids, usually as mixtures prepared from plants, dates from antiquity. The several essential oils produced by distillation of plant parts contained the plant essences. These oils have been employed in die preparation of perfumes, flavorings, and medidnals. Examples are oils of clove (local anesthetic in toothache), lemon (flavoring), lavender (perfume), and juniper (diuretic). Usually essential oil production depends on a simple technology which often involves steam distillation of plant material The perfume industry of Soudiem France uses somewhat more sophisticated procedures in the isolation of natural flower oils since these oils are heat sensitive. The separation of oils from citrus fruit residues m California and Florida is done by machine. 

Clove exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (De et al., 1999). Essential oils from clove and eugenol show various degrees of inhibition against... 

Veluti, A., Sanchis, V., Ramos, A.J. and Marin, S. (2004) Effect of essential oils of cinnamon, clove, lemongrass, oregano and palmarosa on growth and fumonisin B1 production by Fusarium verticillioides in maize. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84(10), 1141-1146. 

Guenther, E. (1982) Oil of clove. In Fhe Essential Oils, Volume 4. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., Florida, pp. 435. 

Extraction of food ingredients with a high content of essential oils, like cloves, camomille, marigold, cinnamon... 

Eiigenole and Safrole.—The chief constituent of a more common essential oil is eugenole which occurs in oil of cloves. It is the monomethyl ether of di-hydroxy 7-phenyl propene in which the methoxy group is meta and the hydroxyl group is para to the propene chain. It is thus a propene derivative of the mono-methyl ether of pyro-catechinol. The alpha isomer is known as iso-eugenole. 

Ethers.—Ethers are also constituents of essential oils either as simple ethers or as mixed ether-alcohol or ether-aldehyde compounds. Examples of such oils are oil of anise containing anis aldehyde and anethole (p. 661), and oil of clove which contains eugenole (p. 623). 

It is known that the presence in the oil composition of cyclic monoterpene hydrocarbons having two double bonds in the cycle, i.e. a- and y-terpinene, a-terpinolene, sabinene, and also eugenol, thymol and carvacrol [15] is responsible for the antioxidant properties of the essential oils. However the oil composition is not a constant, depends on taxonomic variety of plants [16], time and conditions of oil storage [17], It was shown that the essential oils of sage [18], savory [19], clove and cardamom [20], coriander [21] and maijoran [22] noticeably varied during a storage and the main process was autooxidation. 

A food extract, such as a lemon extract, is really not a chemical extraction but consists of the essential oils that are mechanically pressed out of lemon skin and then kept in a 45% solution of alcohol. A drug extract is called a tincture. Tinctures are usually alcohol solutions and are liquid-solid extractions. Examples are the tincture of iodine, oil of wintergreen, oil of clove, and oil of peppermint. Cosmetic extracts such as ambergris, musk, castor, and benzoin, are called essences and are used to make perfumes. 

C Essential oil of Caryophylli flos (clove oil, 5) shows as major compound the orange-brown zone of eugenol (T3, R, 0.5) and the violet zone of (i-caryophyllene at the solvent front. 

Set up of the data matrix. The raw data were collected from published literature such as those cited by TTfO-CIVO (3), ESO (J), or those listed in the present study. Take essential oil of black pepper (/i) as an example, the original data format is sliown in Table V, tile volatile compounds were then arranged into coded number as those of Anise shown in Table I. So far, a 355 (spices) by 922 (volatile compounds) data matrix has been established. Of the 355 spices, there exists repeated collection of data from the same spice from different geological areas or dififerem publications. For examples, 4 cloves. 5 star anises, 9 anises, 6 corianders, S allspices, 2 black peppers and 27 basils, are included in the present data matrix. 

Syzygium aromaticum (cloves) Essential oil of leaves 60% eugenol... 

At the other end of the availability spectrum, plant essential oils (viz. clove, cinnamon, eucalyptus) are currently exploited for other uses (in aromatherapy and as herbal remedies, or as flavorings) and, therefore, the infrastructure for their production is already in place, reducing their prices on the global market. Use of plant essential oils as pesticides at this point is in its infancy. 

Oil for Ear Infection 5 cloves garlic 4 ounces (118 ml) olive oil 20 drops essential oil of eucalyptus 15 drops grapefruit seed extract... 

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