Essential fatty acids studies

Fiennes, RJ4.T.W., Sinclair, A J., and Crawford, M.A. (1973) Essential Fatty Acid Studies in Primates. Linolenic Acid Requirements of Capuchins, J. Med. Primatol. 2,155 169. 

Fiennes, RNTW, Sinclair, AJ and Crawford, MA (1973) Essential fatty acid studies in primates. Linolenic acid requirements of Capuchins. J. Med. Prim., 2, 155-169. 

Hepatic steatosis usually is a result of excessive administration of carbohydrates and/or lipids, but deficiencies of carnitine, choline, and essential fatty acids also may contribute. Hepatic steatosis can be minimized or reversed by avoiding overfeeding, especially from dextrose and lipids.35,38 Carnitine is an important amine that transports long-chain triglycerides into the mitochondria for oxidation, but carnitine deficiency in adults is extremely rare and is mostly a problem in premature infants and patients receiving chronic dialysis. Choline is an essential amine required for synthesis of cell membrane components such as phospholipids. Although a true choline deficiency is rare, preliminary studies of choline supplementation to adult patients PN caused reversal of steatosis. 

The antisocial behaviour of young adults in prison was studied. Supplementation of the diet with capsules containing vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids reduced antisocial behaviour in comparison with control subjects. A much larger study is currently being planned. 

Fish oil has been one of the hottest topics in general nutrition and health care over the past few years, mainly because it is primarily composed of - fatty acids. The benefits of fish oil have a strong foundation in well-documented scientific studies, the most important ones dealing with the treatment of heart disease. Treatment of any condition associated with essential fatty acid changes inevitably involves the use of fish oil or more specific mixtures of the primary important essential fatty acids [14]. 

Lipids may also be involved in the calcification of the dentine matrix, because sudanophilic materials have been detected in ontoblasts, at the dentine-predentine junction and in the peritubular dentine matrix311. A series of nutritional studies have shown that dentine lipids are in a dynamic state312-315. A diet deficient in essential fatty acids produced degenerative effects on dentinogenesis and resulted in the production of teeth more susceptible to dental caries315. ... 

The antiscurvy (antiscorbutic) activity was called vitamin C, and when its structure became known it was called ascorbic acid. The fat-soluble factor preventing rickets was designated vitamin D. By 1922, it was recognized that another fat-soluble factor, vitamin E, is essential for full-term pregnancy in the rat. In the early 1930s vitamin K and the essential fatty acids were added to the list of fat-soluble vitamins. Study of the human blood disorders "tropical macrocytic anemia" and "pernicious anemia" led to recognition of two more water-soluble vitamins, folic acid and vitamin B12. The latter is required in minute amounts and was not isolated until 1948. Have all the vitamins been discovered Rats can be reared on an almost completely synthetic diet. However, there is the possibility that for good health humans require some as yet undiscovered compounds in our diet. Furthermore, it is quite likely that we receive some essential nutrients that we cannot synthesize from bacteria in our intestinal tracts. An example may be the pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ).e... 

Linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid are essential fatty acids that are provided in any long-term parenteral nutrition by administering fat emulsions at least twice a week. Fatty acid deficiency is a common complication of severe end-stage liver disease. The ability of short-term intravenous lipid supplementation to reverse fatty acid deficiencies has been studied in patients with chronic liver disease and low plasma concentrations of fatty acids (914). Shortterm supplementation failed to normalize triglycerides. 

Baylin, A., Kim, M. K., Donovan-Palmer, A., Siles, X., Dougherty, L., Tocco, P., and Campos, H. (2005). Fasting whole blood as a biomarker of essential fatty acid intake in epidemiologic studies Comparison with adipose tissue and plasma. Am. J. Epidemiol. 162, 373-381. 

Burr and Burr reported in 1929 a new deficiency disease produced by the rigid exclusion of fat from the diet. 1 Rodents fed a fat-free diet showed reduced growth and reproductive failure, accompanied by two prominent changes in the skin, that is, increased scaliness and impaired barrier function.1,2 Reversal of the features of deficiency by administration of linoleic acid (LA), led to the concept of essential fatty acids (EFA) that cannot be synthesized by the higher animals.2 Similarities between the clinical features of EFA deficiency and atopic dermatitis led Hansen in 1937 to discover low blood levels of unsaturated fat in atopic children,3 and he later reported that EFA-deficient infants developed an eczematous rash, which responded to LA supplements.4 Several studies had previously examined a range of dietary oil supplements in atopic dermatitis,5-8 with generally reported benefit. 

Morse, P.F., Horrobin, D.F., Manku, M.S. etal., Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies of the efficacy of Epogam in the treatment of atopic eczema. Relationship between plasma essential fatty acid changes and clinical response, Br. J. Dermatol., 121, 75, 1989. 

Skin diseases including essential fatty acid deficiency and ichthyosis may also affect the transdermal delivery of a compound. Studies have shown that the epidermal barrier function is altered by abnormal lipid composition in noneczematous atopic dry skin. Numerous other dermatologic conditions affect the anatomical structure and function of skin, which may impact on the nature of the toxic responses seen. 

Nutrition. Fats and oils are recognized as important nutrients for both humans and animals because they provide a concentrated source of energy, contain essential fatty acids, and serve as carriers for fat-soluble vitamins. Research studies have also indicated a relationship between saturated fats, cholesterol, and trans-isomers and the incidence of coronary heart disease. In many cases, shortening functionality can be maintained with formulations limiting cholesterol, the identified saturated fatty acids, and tran -isomers. Shortening formulation can also aid in reductions of fat consumption by development of more effective products to reduce the levels required to produce the desired functionality and finished product quality. 

Oils rich in essential fatty acids have been reported to suppress human granulocyte elastase, a tissue-degenerative enzyme that is released when tissue inflammation occurs (59). Oils rich in essential fatty acids, especially from animal origin, have been reported to suppress inflammation as well. Emu oil, for example, has been reported to have superior moismrizing and cosmetic properties in double-blind studies (60). It has also been reported that emu oil increases the proliferation of cells and the growth of hair follicles in laboratory rats (61). As is the case in pharmaceutical applications, the cosmetic properties of lipids synergistically increase when used in combination with phospholipids. Other oils used in cosmetics such as palm, sesame, safflower, borage, and coconut have been reported to increase the trans-dermal properties when used in combination with emu oil. The blend of ethyl... 

Guivemau M, Meza N, Baija P, and Roman O. (1994). Clinical and experimental study on the long-tem effect of dietary gamma-tinolcnic acid on plasma lipids, platelet aggregation, thromboxane formation, and prostacyclin production. ProsL Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids. 51,311-316. 

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