Alpha-linoleic acid

Linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid are essential fatty acids that are provided in any long-term parenteral nutrition by administering fat emulsions at least twice a week. Fatty acid deficiency is a common complication of severe end-stage liver disease. The ability of short-term intravenous lipid supplementation to reverse fatty acid deficiencies has been studied in patients with chronic liver disease and low plasma concentrations of fatty acids (914). Shortterm supplementation failed to normalize triglycerides. 

Hagemeister, H., Precht, D., Franzen, M. and Barth, C.A. (1991) Alpha-linoleic acid transfer into milk fat and its elongation by cows. Fett Wissen. Technol., 93, 387—391. 

Beizung C. Leguisquet AM. Baneau S, Doelion-Vacassal S, Chalon S. Alpha-linoleic acid deficiency modifies distractibility but not anxiety and locomotion in rats during aging. J Nutr 1998 128 1537-1542. 

Nordstrom DC, Honkanen VE, Nasu Y, Antila E, Frimen C, Konttinen YT. Alpha-linoleic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study flaxseed vs. safflower seed. Rheumatol Int 1995 14 231-234. 

Alpha-linoleic acid is low but as it is primarily needed as a precursor to DHA, additional alpha-linoleic acid is not needed as long as DHA is supplemented in the diet... 

Gut bacteria also contain other enzymatic activities, not least linoleic dehydrogenase which converts alpha-linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a beneficial fat linked to protection from CVD and certain cancers through improved immune function. Wall et al. (2010) have also shown that feeding alpha-linoleic acid together with the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium breve NCIMB 702258, a common intestinal commensal... 

PUFAs are categorized as n-6 PUFAs (mainly derived from linoleic acid) and n-3 PUFAs (mainly present in fatty fish and also derived from alpha-linoleic acid). Clinical trials, in which n-6 PUFAs (containing linoleic acid) were substituted for SFAs showed a greater impact on reduction of both plasma cholesterol and CHD risk, in contrast to trials where low-fat diets were employed. 

Alpha-linoleic acid (molecule structure is shown in Fig. 5.100) belongs to a group of omega-3 polyunsamrated fatty acids. It occurs as an ester of glycerol in small amounts in vegetable fats, especially flaxseed oil, and animal fats. 

Elettaria cardamomum Maton. Yi Zhi Zi (Cluster cardamom) (seed) Phytosterol, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, p-cymene, camphene, d-limonene, myrcene, alpha-phellandrene, pinene, sabinene, terpinene, thujone, cineole, camphorm citral, linalol, citronellal, dl-bomeol, citronellol, geraniol, terpineol, sabinene.50 Carminative, emmenagogue, stimulant, stomachic, tonic. Treat ague, cachexia, dyspepsis, enuresis, gastralgia, nausea, spermatorrhea. 

Chan, J.K., McDonald, B.E., Gerrad, J.M., Bruce, V.M., Weaver, B.J., and Holub, B.J. 1993. Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid and its ratio to linoleic acid on platelet and plasma fatty acids and thrombogenesis. Lipids 28, 811-817. 

Figure 1. The autoxidation of linoleic acid in SDS micelles. The initiator is first injected into the bulk buffer phase and then the antioxidant is injected. The oxygen-electrode trace shown is for alpha-tocopherol as the antioxidant (Si) o...

Hansen, H.S. and Jensen, B., Essential function of linoleic acid esterified in acylglucosyl ceramide and acylceramide in maintaining the epidermal water permeability barrier evidence from feeding studies with oleate, linoleate, arachidonate, columbinate and alpha-linoleate, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 834, 357, 1985. 

Takemura, N., Takahashi, K., Tanaka, H., Ihara, Y., Ikemoto, A., Fujii, Y., and Okuyama, EL, Dietary, but not topical, alpha-linolenic acid suppresses UVB-induced skin injury in hairless mice when compared with linoleic acids, Photochem. Photobiol., 76, 657, 2002. 

Yang, M. and Cook, M.E. 2003. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid decreased cachexia, macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and modifies splenocyte cytokines production. Exp Biol Med 228 51-58. 

Booyens, J., Englebrecht, P., Le Roux, S., and Louwrens, C.C. 1984. Some effects of the essential fatty acid linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid and their metabolites gamma-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and of prostaglandins A1 and El on the proliferation etc. Prostaglandins Leukot. Med. 15, 15-33. 

The cold-pressed blueberry seed oil investigated by Parry and Yu. (3) demonstrated a high concentration of n-3 fatty acids. Alpha linolenic acid was the sole source of the n-3 and comprised 25.1 % of the total fatty acids (Table 1). The ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids was 1.7 1. Linoleic acid (18 2n-6) was the most prevalent fatty acid in the blueberry seed oil followed by a-linolenic, oleic, palmitic (16 0), and stearic (18 0) acids (Table 1). The blueberry seed oil also showed a significantly higher antioxidant capacity compared with marionberry, black raspberry, cranberry, and pumpkin seed oils using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) test. Therefore, blueberry seed oil may serve as an excellent dietary source of n-3 fatty acids and natural antioxidants. 

The cherry tree Prunus avium L.) is a member of the Rosaceae family. Cherry seed contains about 18% oil on a dry weight basis (48). Significant levels of oleic acid were detected in the cherry seed oils prepared by hexane extraction using a Soxhlet apparatus. Oleic acid comprised 24—38% of the total fatty acids from three different varieties of cherry fruits (Table 7) (48). Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid in the cherry seed oil, and ranged 40 9% in the seed oil, along with ot-eleostearic (18 n-5), palmitic, stearic, arachidonic, and ot-linolenic acids (Table 7). alpha-eleostearic acid comprising 10-13% of cherry seed oil, is a conjugated... 

The seed oils from African pumpkin (squash) (Cucurbita pepo L.) were evaluated for their fatty acid profiles and the presence of other phytochemicals (53). The seed oils contained 28-36% oleic acid. The primary fatty acid was linoleic acid, along with palmitic and stearic acids, with a total unsaturated fatty acid concentration of 77-83%. Alpha-tocopherol was determined at a concentration up to 3.0 mg/ 100 g. These data suggest that pumpkin seed oil may be a better choice for consumers who prefer high unsaturation, or both linoleic and oleic acids. Seed oils from species of Cucurbita with minimal pericarp, called naked seed squash, are discussed below. 

Omega-3 fatty acids are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The parent fatty acid of this group is alpha-linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid that the body is unable to synthesize alpha-linolenic acid can be converted in the body to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In animals and man, these acids reduce the production of several compounds that are involved in inflammation and thrombosis, such as eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclin, and leukotrienes) and cytokines (interleukin II-l) (1). The extent of the conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to EPA and DHA is unclear. The conversion process appears to be inhibited by a high intake of linoleic acid, another essential fatty acid (2). In addition, alpha-linolenic acid is found in dark green vegetables and the oils of certain nuts and seeds, especially rape seeds and soya beans. 

Alpha-tocopherol is a highly lipophilic compound, and is an excellent solvent for many poorly soluble drugs.Of widespread regulatory acceptability, tocopherols are of value in oil- or fat-based pharmaceutical products and are normally used in the concentration range 0.001-0.05% v/v. There is frequently an optimum concentration thus the autoxidation of linoleic acid and methyl linolenate is reduced at low concentrations of alpha tocopherol, and is accelerated by higher concentrations. Antioxidant effectiveness can be increased by the addition of oil-soluble synergists such as lecithin and ascorbyl palmitate. " ... 

There are three types of unsaturated fatty acids monounsaturated, such as oleic acid found in olive and sesame oils that contain one double bond polyunsaturated, such as corn, soybean, and sunflower oils that contain more than one double bond and essential fatty acids (EFA) that are important, although they cannot be created in the body. They are linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (LNA). 

Dyer JR, Greenwood CE. Neural 22-Carbon fatty acids in the weanling rat respond rapidly and specifically to arange of dietary linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic fatty acid rations. J Neurochem 1991 56 1921-1931. 

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