Equivalents specials

The base of each column has a suitable supporting medium for the resin. This may take the form of a grid with a graded gravel and sand bed upon it, or a suitable equivalent specially made from metal, glass or plastic materials... 

The ultrasonic controls section, shown in Figure 7, provides the means for the user to set the operating parameters for the inspection. The majority of the controls are direct equivalents of those found on a conventional ultrasonic flaw detecfor some additional controls are provided to give access to the special features of the CamuS system. The Controls area is sub-divided into three parts. 

To define the thennodynamic state of a system one must specify fhe values of a minimum number of variables, enough to reproduce the system with all its macroscopic properties. If special forces (surface effecls, external fields—electric, magnetic, gravitational, etc) are absent, or if the bulk properties are insensitive to these forces, e.g. the weak terrestrial magnetic field, it ordinarily suffices—for a one-component system—to specify fliree variables, e.g. fhe femperature T, the pressure p and the number of moles n, or an equivalent set. For example, if the volume of a surface layer is negligible in comparison with the total volume, surface effects usually contribute negligibly to bulk thennodynamic properties. 

From a mathematical point of view, conformations are special subsets of phase space a) invariant sets of MD systems, which correspond to infinite durations of stay (or relaxation times) and contain all subsets associated with different conformations, b) almost invariant sets, which correspond to finite relaxation times and consist of conformational subsets. In order to characterize the dynamics of a system, these subsets are the interesting objects. As already mentioned above, invariant measures are fixed points of the Frobenius-Perron operator or, equivalently, eigenmodes of the Frobenius-Perron operator associated with eigenvalue exactly 1. In view of this property, almost invariant sets will be understood to be connected with eigenmodes associated with (real) eigenvalues close (but not equal) to 1 - an idea recently developed in [6]. 

Many variations of the Morgan Algorithm were introduced, because of problems finding the terminating condition of stage 1 (oscillating number of equivalent classes [80]) or special atoms with isospcctral points [81],... 

The creatmenc of the boundary conditions given here ts a generali2a-tion to multicomponent mixtures of a result originally obtained for a binary mixture by Kramers and Kistecnaker (25].These authors also obtained results equivalent to the binary special case of our equations (4.21) and (4.25), and integrated their equations to calculate the p.ressure drop which accompanies equimolar counterdiffusion in a capillary. Their results, and the important accompanying experimental measurements, will be discussed in Chapter 6 ... 

The inflammable solvents most frequently used for reaction media, extraction or recrystallisation are diethyl ether, petroleum ether (b.p. 40-60° and higher ranges), carbon disulphide, acetone, methyl and ethyl alcohols, di-Mo-propyl ether, benzene, and toluene. Special precautions must be taken in handling these (and other equivalent) solvents if the danger of Are is to be more or less completely eliminated. It is advisable to have, if possible, a special bench in the laboratory devoted entirely to the recovery or distillation of these solvents no flames are permitted on this bench. 

ChemSketch has some special-purpose building functions. The peptide builder creates a line structure from the protein sequence defined with the typical three-letter abbreviations. The carbohydrate builder creates a structure from a text string description of the molecule. The nucleic acid builder creates a structure from the typical one-letter abbreviations. There is a function to clean up the shape of the structure (i.e., make bond lengths equivalent). There is also a three-dimensional optimization routine, which uses a proprietary modification of the CHARMM force field. It is possible to set the molecule line drawing mode to obey the conventions of several different publishers. 

In view of the synthetic importance of dicarbonvl compounds surprisingly little has been done, apart from carotene synthesis, on dialkenylation with Wittig reagents. However, from the few examples reported one may conclude, that no special problems are involved. Benzocyclobutanedione was converted by two equivalents of methoxycarbonylmethylidenetri-phenylphosphorane to the corresponding diene in 85% yield (M. P. Cava, 1960). 

Silyl enol ethers are other ketone or aldehyde enolate equivalents and react with allyl carbonate to give allyl ketones or aldehydes 13,300. The transme-tallation of the 7r-allylpalladium methoxide, formed from allyl alkyl carbonate, with the silyl enol ether 464 forms the palladium enolate 465, which undergoes reductive elimination to afford the allyl ketone or aldehyde 466. For this reaction, neither fluoride anion nor a Lewis acid is necessary for the activation of silyl enol ethers. The reaction also proceed.s with metallic Pd supported on silica by a special method[301j. The ketene silyl acetal 467 derived from esters or lactones also reacts with allyl carbonates, affording allylated esters or lactones by using dppe as a ligand[302]... 

A specially designed water induction system was used in the Provo-Orem bus to increase the water induction mass ratio when operating at or near full power setting. Engine performance data as a function of the equivalence ratio and water injection mass ratio are shown in Figure 7. 

The first stage of the Stuart oil shale project near Gladstone, AustraUa, 6000 t/d (6600 short tons /d), is scheduled to be constmcted by Southern Pacific Petroleum. Einancial assistance from the AustraUan government, consisting of special depreciation incentives and exemption of gasoline taxes equivalent to about U.S. 1.91/m of cmde shale oil ( 12.00/bbl) has been assured (68). 

Martensitic Stainless Steels. The martensitic stainless steels have somewhat higher carbon contents than the ferritic grades for the equivalent chromium level and are therefore subject to the austenite—martensite transformation on heating and quenching. These steels can be hardened significantly. The higher carbon martensitic types, eg, 420 and 440, are typical cutiery compositions, whereas the lower carbon grades are used for special tools, dies, and machine parts and equipment subject to combined abrasion and mild corrosion. 

Potassium and ammonium dichromates are generally made from sodium dichromate by a crystallization process involving equivalent amounts of potassium chloride or ammonium sulfate. In each case the solubiHty relationships are favorable so that the desired dichromate can be separated on cooling, whereas the sodium chloride or sulfate crystallizes out on boiling. For certain uses, ammonium dichromate, which is low in alkaH salts, is required. This special salt may be prepared by the addition of ammonia to an aqueous solution of chromic acid. Ammonium dichromate must be dried with care, because decomposition starts at 185°C and becomes violent and self-sustaining at slightly higher temperatures. 

Costs are estimated for 1992 and do not involve special materials or special cell design. Data were developed by the factor method (41) and do not purport to be any particular process. Equivalent weight of the reactant is 50, and 100% current efficiency is assumed. 

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