Equipment hazards, construction safety

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The supply and use of work equipment >- The supply of hazardous substances >- Construction safety >- Consumer products >- Contractor management. 

Erosion of a landfill by wind is generally not significant in terms of volume loss of material. However, effects like dust and sand drift can be annoying, detrimental to equipment, structures, industrial processes and crop (abrasiveness) or even hazardous to safety and health (low visibility, respiratory distress) of construction workers on the reclaimed area and drivers, residents and other people downwind of the fill area (see Figure 10.5). 

Equipment used to process, store, or handle highly hazardous chemicals must be designed constructed, installed and maintained to minimize the risk of release. A systematic, scheduled, test and maintenance program is preferred over "breakdown" maintenance " that could compromise safety. Elements of a mechanical integrity program include 1) identification and categorization of equipment and instrumentation, 2) documentation of manufacturer data on mean time to failure, 3 ) test and inspection frequencies, 4) maintenance procedures, 5) training of maintenance personnel, 6) test criteria, and 7) documentation of test and inspection results. 

Originally, equipment was made largely from wood or gun-metal and often rubber lined. These materials give the lowest hazards from friction with explosives. Nowadays, improved standards of engineering and of design have made it possible to employ stainless steel and plastics in the construction of explosive machinery with considerable increase in mechanical efficiency. In this way not only can processes be carried out more rapidly, but the quantity of explosive present at any time is reduced, with consequent increase in overall safety. 

Adequate safety and reliability have been incorporated into the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of any installation, storage facility, equipment, and infrastructure connected with its operation which are linked to major-accident hazards inside the establishment. 

Safety Safety must be considered in ah stages of process design. Potential hazards in equipment components and in operations must be considered carefully. The toxicity of reactants, products, and intermediates must be thought through before anything is constructed. Ah possible temperature and pressure runaway events must be considered, and responses... 

For example, chemical engineering students studying corrosion to learn how various materials of construction may be affected by acids, alkalis, or process conditions in order to select the most economic materials for a particular use would be impacting the safety and loss prevention performance of that equipment because a vessel or pipeline leaking due to corrosion is a hazard to workers in the area. The spilled material may create an environmental hazard as well as a hazardous waste problem requiring special precautions for cleanup and disposal. 

Equipments handling supercritical fluids and liquefied gases present important hazards that must be taken into account both for equipment design and construction and for operation and maintenance. Safety considerations must influence any technical choice and operation and a detailed analysis of potential hazards must be specifically conducted for any case. In this paper, we would try to list the different classes of hazards and how to cope with them, so that both the process designer and the operator be informed. 

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