Equipment and Manufacture

Solanthrene Green XBN, AVECIA Cibanone Brilhant Green, BF, 2BF, BFD, CIBA-GEIGY Indanthrene Brilliant Green, B, FB 

It is important to recognise that although a dye has a C.I. number, the purity and precise chemical constitution will vary depending upon the name. Thus, the dye C.I. Direct Blue 99 from company A will not be identical to C.I. Direct Blue 99 from Company B. 

The reactor itself in which the unit processes to produce the intermediates and dyes are carried out, is usually the focal point of the plant, but this does not mean that it is the most important part of the total manufacture, or that it absorbs most of the capital or operational costs. Operations subsequent to reaction are often referred to as workup stages. These vary from product to product, whereby intermediates (used without drying wherever practical) require less finishing operations than colorants. 

The reactions for the production of intermediates and dyes are carried out in bomb-shaped reaction vessels made from cast iron, stainless steel, or steel lined with rubber, glass (enamel), brick, or carbon blocks. These vessels have capacities of 2-40 m3 (ca 500-10 000 gallons) and are equipped with mechanical agitators, thermometers, or temperature recorders, condensers, pH probes, etc., depending 

When possible, the intermediates are used for the subsequent manufacture of other intermediates or dyes without drying because of saving in energy costs and handling losses. This trend is also apparent with dyes. The use of membrane technology with techniques such as reverse osmosis to provide pure, usually aqueous, solutions of dyes has become much more prevalent. Dyes produced and sold as liquids are safer and easier to handle and save energy costs. 

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The correct tools, equipment and manufacturers instructions are available ... 

Dyeing applications, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol in, 12 279 Dyeing theory, 26 394-395 Dyeing transition temperature, 9 159 Dye intermediates, 9 265-298 chemistry, 9 266-291 classification, 9 265-266 economic aspects, 9 293-295 equipment and manufacture, 9 291-293 health and safety factors, 9 295-298 obtained by nitration, 9 2 7 It obtained by sulfonation, 23 525 unit processes, 9 269-283 Dye lasers, 74 702-705 23 144 output characteristics of, 74 705 Dye-ligand affinity chromatography, 6 402 Dye liquor, 9 163 Dye manufacturing... 

Many procedures that are used in zeolite catalyst and adsorbent manufacture are common to other manufactured products. The unit operahons and equipment that are used can therefore be found throughout the catalyst and adsorbent manufacturing industries. There are a number of books and monographs that outhne equipment and manufacturing procedures that are relevant to zeoHte catalysts and adsorbents [65-68]. 

Operation qualification generally represents the first opportunity for plant operatives to use the computerized system in an operational condition and can be used as part of production personnel s training program on the system, plant equipment, and manufacturing process. 

In the mid-1930s when both photographic and printing techniques for photomicrographs were greatly improved, U.S. research was not directed toward microscopy, but rather to development of heavy production equipment and manufacturing facilities. At this same time, a completely new instrument—the transmission electron microscope—was introduced in Europe and went almost unnoticed in the United States. It took many years before this development gap was overcome. 

For a move of the manufacturing site within an existing facility or a move to a new facility on the same campus using similar equipment and manufacturing processes, submission of stability data on the drug product in the new facility before implementation is generally not necessary. 

Where relevant to the scale of an operation, the maintenance of departmental and equipment logs (i.e., running, dated records of equipment usage, products manufactured and cleaning of equipment and manufacturing areas) is recommended. 

Exact technical specification with type of equipment and manufacturer... 

Both pMDls and the Respimat require the drug to be sealed in high pressure canisters that require specialized filling equipment and manufacturing procedures. Other spray production devices must be used if it is desired that the patient or health-care worker instead load the drug into the device themselves. 

An advantage of through-hole technology is reduced cost in some appUcations. That cost benefit may be realized by lower labor costs in some parts of the world that support hand assembly, which is relatively easy with the larger components and products, and lower board densities. Even when fully automated—either by wave soldering, selective soldering, or paste-in-hole/reflow—the capital equipment and manufacturing costs can stiU be lower than those required for surface-mount assembly. 

Construction Industry http //www.construction.abouLcom/industry/construction.mbody.htm (accessed November 3,2010). Provides links to sites related to every area of the construction industry, such as codes, industry news, software, equipment, and manufacturers. 

Table 2 provides examples of shear rates found in A and S application with various equipments and manufacturing. (Source Brookfield, USA). 

Plastics Industry Show (Int l Specialized Exhibition for Plastics Products, Raw Materials, Equipment and Manufacturing Technologies All-Russia Exhibition Center, Moscow, Russia)... 

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