Epilepsy names

In fact, there are two sehool of thoughts who opined the causes of epilepsy, namely ... 

Historically the only melanocortin peptide to be used clinically is the parent hormone from which all these peptides are derived from namely ACTH (see above). It has also been used in the treatment infantile spasms for epilepsy, where it is administered as an intramuscular injection only over a 2-12 weeks period. Obvious side effects include weight gain, puffy face, high blood pressure and an increased risk of infection and should never be administered to patients with diabetics, renal or heart failure. ACTH is also used as a stimulation test to measure adrenal cortex activity, i.e. production of cortisol and is used to ascertain whether someone has Addison s disease. 

Ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission in practically all areas of the central nervous system (CNS). They are also critical for both the induction and expression of synaptic plasticity, and have been implicated in diverse pathological conditions, such as epilepsy, ischemic brain damage, anxiety, and addiction. There are three subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors that are named after their high-affinity agonists as a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA), N-1nethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and kainate (KA) receptors (1). 

Write in summary format the biochemical test/disease mentioned in these questions, namely (Q41) liver function tests (Q42) epilepsy (Q43) thyroid function (Q44) peptic ulcer. 

Ethosuximide is an anticonvulsant drug that is used in minor forms of epilepsy. It is also prescribed under the name aximide, suxilene, rontone, and pyknolepsinum. 

Carbamazepine is effective in both acute and prophylactic treatment of mania (Weisler et al. 2005). An extended-release formulation of carbamazepine, available since 1997 for treatment of epilepsy, was approved in 2004 under the brand name Equetro. Extended-release preparations are preferred because simplified dosage schedules facilitate patient adherence. Other extended-release carbamazepine preparations include Tegretol XR and Carbatrol, although neither has been specifically indicated for the treatment of bipolar disorder. The longer-acting preparations are also of benefit because they tend to have fewer gastrointestinal side effects. 

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are used as anticonvulsant drugs in the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy, a medical disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, has many different forms. The four most common seizure types are generalized tonic-clonic seizures (old name grand mal seizures), generalized absence seizures (petit mal seizures), complex partial seizures (psychomotor or temporal lobe seizures), and simple partial seizures (focal seizures). 

Valproic acid (Depakene, Depakote, other trade names) is classified as a carboxylic acid, and is used primarily to treat absence seizures or as a secondary agent in generalized tonic-clonic forms of epilepsy. This drug is also used to treat bipolar disorder (manic-depression), especially during the acute manic phase (see Chapter 7). 

Throughout history, certain plants, as well as virtually every anatomical component of animals and humans, have been ascribed some curative property earthworms rolled in honey for the treatment of gastritis owl brain for headache sheep brain for insomnia deer heart for heart disease fox lung for tuberculosis goat liver for jaundice powdered human skull or the fresh blood of a dying Christian gladiator for epilepsy rabbit testicles for bladder disease and, of course, for impotence and cow dung for eye infections, to name but a few. 

ALFERESIA (Infant s epilepsy) Nervous (7.42%) Old Spanish name used to describe convulsion, usually in children and independently of the origin. 

After an episode of zonisamide-induced psychosis, a 28-year-old man with epilepsy consistently mistook people who were unknown to him, such as hospital staff, for people whom he had met long ago. However, he did not misidentify their names or other attributes, such as their occupations. 

It turned out that the nearly discarded substance had a novel structure, 5, a chlordiazepoxide. It was developed further and became known under the trade name Librium , which was the first antianxiety agent. Librium became the lead compound for the development of many other compounds with related structures. The best known is the diazepam Vh/ium , 6, a tranquilizer used to treat anxiety, muscle spasm, and symptoms of epilepsy. Today, about 40 diazepines are in the market. Nearly forgotten on the laboratory shelf, Librium and Valium became blockbuster drugs that fueled the growth of the Roche company. (Drugs are called blockbusters when sales are much higher than US 1 billion per year.)... 

Starch blocker A trivial name for the class of drugs (mainly intestinal a-amylase inhibitors) that block dietary conversion of polysaccharides and sucrose to monosaccharides. Such drugs are used in diabetes management, status epilepticus See epilepsy, steady-state In relation to drug metabolism, when the rate of drug intake equals the rate of drug elimination, a steady-state concentration is achieved, stenosis Narrowing or contraction of a duct. 

Prediction of the dissolution rate is another application of NIR. Carbamazepine is used for the treatment of epilepsy and consistent dissolution of the dosage form is critical for therapeutic blood levels of drug. In 1991 dissolution profiles of brand name and generic carbamazepine tablets were compared by Zannikos et al. after storage in high humidity [90]. The calibration was based upon the percentage of drug in solution after one hour in a USP Type II dissolution apparatus. 

Trade names Acetazolam Ak-Zol Dazamide Defiltran Diamox (Wyeth) Diuramid Novo-Zolamide Indications Epilepsy, glaucoma Category Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Diuretic Half-life 2-6 hours... 

Trade names Apo-Carbamazepine Atreol Carbatrol Epitol (Teva) Foxsalepsin Kodapan Lexin Mazepine Sirtal Tegretol (Novartis) Tegretol XR Teril Timonil Indications Epilepsy, pain or trigeminal neuralgia Category Anticonvulsant Antipsychotic Mood stabilizer Half-life 18-55 hours... 

Trade names Mebaral Prominal Indications Epilepsy, anxiety Category Barbiturate Half-life 34 hours... 

Trade names Banzel (Novartis) (Eisai) Inovelon (Eisai) Xilep Indications Epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Category Antiepileptic Half-life 6-10 hours... 

Editorial, Vitamins to prevent neural tube defects. Lancet 2, 1255-1256 (1982). Elshove, J., and Van Eck, J. H. M., Aangeborn misvormingen met name gespleten Up met af zonder gespleten verhemlte, bij kindred van moeders met epilepsie. Ned. Tijd-schr. Oeneeskd. 115, 1371-1375 (1971). 

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