Partial seizures simple

Single type of partial seizure (simple partial, complex partial, or secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizure) or single type of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures... 

Complex Although the seizure is localized in a specific area of the brain, like a simple partial seizure, this seizure causes an alteration in the patient s level of consciousness. 

Partial (focal) seizures begin in one hemisphere of the brain and, unless they become secondarily generalized, result in an asymmetric seizure. Partial seizures manifest as alterations in motor functions, sensory or somatosensory symptoms, or automatisms. If there is no loss of consciousness, the seizures are called simple partial. If there is loss of consciousness, they are termed complex partial, and the patients may have automatisms, memory loss, or aberrations of behavior. 

Partial seizures with secondary generalization Simple partial Somatomotor Dysphasic Other types Complex partial Elementary Temporal lobe, psychomotor, epi-... 

I. Partial (focal, local) seizures A. Simple partial seizures... 

Unlabeled Uses Prevention of migraine treatment of behavior disorders in Alzheimer s disease bipolar disorder chorea, myoclonic, simple partial, and tonic-clonic seizures organic brain syndrome schizophrenia status epilepticus tardive dyskinesia... 

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are used as anticonvulsant drugs in the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy, a medical disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, has many different forms. The four most common seizure types are generalized tonic-clonic seizures (old name grand mal seizures), generalized absence seizures (petit mal seizures), complex partial seizures (psychomotor or temporal lobe seizures), and simple partial seizures (focal seizures). 

It is mainly used as adjunctive therapy in patients for simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures, secondary generalised tonic and clonic seizures. 

It is used as adjunctive treatment of seizures including refractory seizures, simple and complex partial seizures. 

The least complicated partial seizure is the simple partial seizure, characterized by minimal spread of the abnormal discharge such that normal consciousness and awareness are preserved. For example, the patient may have a sudden onset of clonic jerking of an extremity lasting 60-90 seconds residual weakness may last for 15-30 minutes after the attack. The patient is completely aware of the attack and can describe it in detail. The electroencephalogram may show an abnormal discharge highly localized to the involved portion of the brain. 

A. Simple partial seizures Limited (focal) motor or sensory signs (e.g., convulsions confined to one limb, specific sensory hallucinations) consciousness remains intact... 

Partial and generalized seizures are subdivided depending on the specific symptoms that occur during the epileptic seizure (see Table 9-1). As a rule, the outward manifestations of the seizure depend on the area of the brain involved. Simple partial seizures that remain localized within the motor cortex for the right... 

Therapeutic uses Phenytoin is highly effective for all partial seizures (simple and complex), for tonic-clonic seizures, and in the treatment of status epilepticus caused by recurrent tonic-clonic seizures (Figure 15.3). Phenytoin is not effective for absence seizures, which often may worsen if such a patient is treated with this drug. 

Therapeutic uses Carbamazepine is highly effective for all partial seizures (simple and complex) and is often the drug of first choice. In addition the drug is highly effective for tonic-clonic seizures and is used to treat trigeminal neuralgia. It has occasionally been used in manic-depressive patients to ameliorate the symptoms. 

Of 431 consecutive patients taking topiramate, 31 (7.2%) developed word-finding difficulties (642). This adverse event was not associated with a rapid titration schedule, but it correlated with the presence of simple partial seizures and left temporal epileptiform activity on the electroencephalogram, suggesting that there is a subgroup of patients with a specific susceptibility. 

Recently it was described that an 11-year-old boy who developed status epilepticus after a prolonged right-side simple partial motor seizure, which was unresponsive to long-term aggressive treatment with several AEDs [51]. The control of seizures was achieved at a plasma valproic acid level of 108 pg/ml, but electrical status epilepticus persisted, and the child remained comatose. On day 37, a treatment with verapamil (a calcium L-channel blocker) was started, and 1.5 h after the initiation of the infusion, the patient regained consciousness, breathed spontaneously, and the electrical status promptly disappeared. The authors suggested that verapamil, a... 

These warnings are in fact simple partial seizures and frequently are termed auras. 

Simple partial Partial Seizures Carbamazepine, phenytoin, Gabapentin,... 

Mephenytoin is demethylated to 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin (Nirvanol), which is an active anticonvulsant. Mephenytoin binds to plasma protein to the extent of 40%, with an elimination half-life of 7 hours. Mephenytoin causes sedation, whereas phenytoin does not. The incidence of dose- and time-dependent side effects of mephenytoin is lower than that seen with phenytoin. On the other hand, the incidence of severe and fatal hypersensitivity reactions is far higher than that reported for phenytoin. Therefore, mephenytoin is not the first drug of choice. It is used for the treatment of tonic-clonic, simple partial, and complex partial seizures... 

Valproic acid is effective in the control of simple or complex absence seizures and partial seizures. It is also useful as adjunct therapy in patients who exhibit multiple seizure types, including absence or tonic-clonic seizures. 

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