Epidemiology prospective analysis

Anderson R, Chung H, Kluge R, Schrier RW. Hyponatremia a prospective analysis of its epidemiology and the pathogenic role of vasopressin. Ann Intern Med 1985 102 i64 8. 

Nulman I, Einarson TR, Koren G. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology 2000 62(6) 385-92. 

The interest in dietary flavonoids has grown in the last 15 years after the publication of the study of Hertog et al. [1993] showing an inverse correlation between dietary consumption of flavonols and flavones and reduced incidence and mortality from ischemic heart disease. Most prospective epidemiological studies carried out have found a similar relationship regarding ischemic heart disease while a possible inverse relationship with stroke is less clear [Hertog et al., 1997 Knekt et al., 1996 Rimm et al., 1996 Yochum et al., 1999 Hirvonen et al., 2001 Arai et al., 2000 Mursu et al., 2008], The meta-analysis... 

Nevertheless, at this time there is no persuasive evidence from epidemiological studies that any individual fatty acid is associated with the risk of breast cancer (Willett, 1997). A pooled analysis of nine prospective studies showed no association between the intake of various dairy products and the risk of breast cancer (Missmer et al., 2002). However, in epidemiological studies there is often a high degree of correlation between individual fatty acids in the diet. This reduces the ability to detect an independent association between a single acid and cancer risk. Furthermore, dietary assessment during an epidemiological study may not reflect an individual s diet at the time of cancer initiation, which in the case of breast cancer may be in early life. 

Kritchevsky and Kritchevsky (2000) provided a summary of the evidence linking dietary cholesterol to the risk of CHD in 10 cohorts from eight large, well-conducted prospective studies that were reported since 1980, which included the Nurses Health Study, the Health Professionals Followup Study and the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. In eight of the cohorts there was no statistical association between cholesterol intake and the risk of CHD. In one of the positive studies the association was established by simple univariate analysis and was not adjusted for other dietary variables. The other study adjusted only for fat intake. There is no compelling evidence from these epidemiological studies that dietary cholesterol is associated with the risk of CHD. 

Ostrea, E. M., Brady, M., Cause, S., Ra)unundo, A. L., and Stevens, M., Drug screening in newborns by mecoiuum analysis a large-scale, prospective, epidemiologic study,. Pediatrics, 89,107, 1992. Parton, L., Warburton, D., HiU, V., and Baumgartner, W., Quantification of fetal cocaine exposure by radioimmunoassay of hair, Pediatr. Res., 372A, 1987. 

Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M et al. (2000). Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG litres and coronary heart disease prospective study and metaanalysis. British Medical Journal 321 208-213 Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M (2003). Chlamydia pneumoniae IgA litres and coronary heart disease prospective study and meta-analysis. European Heart Journal 24 881 Danesh J, Lewington S, Thompson SG et al. (2005). Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and non-vascular mortality an individual participant meta-analysis. Journal of American Medical Association 294 1799-1809 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/ Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group (2003). 

Epidemiological evidence of the overall association between analgesic abuse and the development of renal impairment is documented in nine case-control studies [16-18, 20-21,33-34, 36-38], two prospective cohort studies [39, 40] and two observational cohort studies [41, 42] published in the last decades (Figure 1). It is inherent to epidemiological studies however, that the observed association between chronic renal failure and analgesic consumption does not establish cause and effect. Moreover, serious flaws in study design and analysis of the data have to be considered and were discussed in several reviews (Table 1) [7, 43,44,45]. 

Since the publication of these two early studies, a number of studies have adopted a more prospective cohort approach to the examination of statin use in patients who develop dementia and AD over the course of a set period (usually between 5-10yrs). While many of the subsequent studies described seemingly protective effects in cross-sectional case-control analysis [36,45-51], the majority of prospective cohort analysis failed to identify a reduced risk of dementia in incident cases of dementia or AD [36, 46,47,51[. One notable exception comes from a study that examined a population identified by common AD risk facfors and co-morbidities (e.g., first degree relatives) [52]. In a high AD risk population, statin use was associated with a lowered risk of AD [52]. A summary of the epidemiological findings for stafin use in AD are shown in Table 1. 

Aity refinement of the current RfD wiU require consideration of sources of uncertainty. The committee has evaluated the body of evidence, focusing on the prospective epidemiological studies of neurotoxicity in children exposed in utero. Refinement of the current RfD based on results from these studies wiU require both quantitative and qualitative analysis of uncertainties to guide the application of uncertainty factors. 

The first hint about the role of polyphenols in cancer was obtained through analysis of epidemiologic data. Several studies showed that tea, soy, olive oil, and whole grains consumption significantly reduces the risk of certain types of cancer. A study by Sun et al. conducted in eight countries showed that tea consumption reduces the risk of breast cancer (Sun et al. 2005). In addition, a prospective study by Severson and coworkers (1989) demonstrated a positive relationship between soy consumption (as tofu) and a decreased risk of prostate cancer. A much broader epidemiologic study on men in 59 countries demonstrated that a diet... 

Summary tabulations of the main results of the individual prospective studies of lead effects on children s neurocognitive abilities are contained in Tables 12.6—12.11. Table 12.12 tabulates pooled analysis and meta-analysis of both prospective and within-study cross-sectional evaluations, while Table 12.13 summarizes epidemiological findings of prospectively examined lead-associated neurobehavioral endpoints other than cognitive abilities. The categories include social malbehavior, academic achievement, and lead s impacts on executive functions, attention, and other specific abilities. 

The available environmental epidemiological literature on Pb nephrotoxicity in human populations has both cross-sectional and prospective studies. The latter have permitted analysis of reverse causality and the magnitude of risk predicted over time using baseline exposure biomarkers and changes in toxicity outcome marker over various periods. 

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