Energy efficiency of process

Cooling tower blowdown can be reduced by improving the energy efficiency of processes, thus reducing the thermal load on cooling towers. Alternatively, cooling water systems can be switched to air coolers, which eliminates the problem altogether. 

Energy usage since 1990 the energy efficiency of processes for the production of industrial gases had improved 6%, and the annual energy consumption was between 8 and 9TWh. 

Energy efficiency of the process. If the process requires a furnace or steam boiler to provide a hot utility, then any excessive use of the hot utility will produce excessive utility waste through excessive generation of CO2, NO, SO, particulates, etc. Improved heat recovery will reduce the overall demand for utilities and hence reduce utility waste. 

Increase energy efficiency of the process. Increasing the energy efficiency decreases the fuel burnt and hence decreases SO, emissions at the source. Again, the emissions should be viewed on a global basis. 

Energy costs ate not direcdy related to the energy efficiency of the process (6,42). Even if the thermal efficiency of a steam ejector, for example, is less than that of mechanical equipment mn by an electdc motor, the overall cost of the energy to mn the steam ejector may still be less. 

Significant waste heat may be recovered from the high (about 600°C) kiln off-gas. Pre-heating combustion air or feed ore improves the energy efficiency of the process. Reduction of barite in a fluid bed with CO and/or hydrogen has been performed on an experimental scale. 

In providing an overall picture of the Griffith theory applied to the comminution process, it must be pointed out that the theory requires that a tensile stress should exist across a crack to open it further. While a uniform compressive force can close a crack, a nonuniform one can lead to the occurrence of localized tensile stresses. In a comminution process the particles are subjected to nonuniform loading, and therefore it can be surmised that they normally break in tension and not in compression. However, the tensile component of loading in comminution does not form the major loading component and this contributes towards a lowering of the overall energy efficiency of comminution. 

Batch-type production processes, particularly those with small batch sizes, have less energy efficiency as compared to continuous processes. A typical example of a batch operation on a relatively small scale is the production of titanium in 1-ton batches of the metal. The energy efficiency of the process is much less than that of continuous methods such as iron being produced in a blast furnace, or even of large-scale batch methods such as basic oxygen steel-making. The heat losses per unit of production are much less in continuous and large-batch processes, and this also enables the waste heat from process streams to be used. 

Increased energy efficiency at the point of use can be achieved effectively by improved heat integration. Increased energy efficiency of the utility system can be improved through better matching between processes and the utility system, improved cogeneration, and so on. Improvements to combustion processes are effective for NO reduction. 

Energy efficiency of the process. If the process requires a furnace or steam boiler to provide hot utility, then any... 

However, the area-related energy yield is not the sole criteria for evaluating the energy efficiency of a crop species and/or a fuel type. The energy inputs (CED) of cultivation and conversion processes (see Table 5.7), the DM losses, the energetic use of by-products and the further ways of utilisation must also be considered. 

In some European cities, waste heat from fossil fuel electric power plants is used for district heating with an overall energy efficiency of 85%. These plants were not originally constructed as cogenerating units. Waste heat from industrial process plants can also be used. Geothermal sources are used to provide heat for district heating systems in Iceland and Boise, Idaho. 

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