Environmental toxicity data

The compound is relatively nontoxic. Because many golf courses and recreational grassy areas abut lakes and ponds that are used for fishing, the environmental toxicity data are important. The LC q for trout (96 h) is 80 mg/L for bluegiU. (96 h), 36 mg/L and for Daphnia, 64 mg/L. 

Any manufacturer, processor, or distributer of a chemical must notify EPA of any infomation demonstrating a substantial risk to human health or the environment. This report, or 8(e) notification, must be made within 15 working days of learning that such information exists. EPA evaluates 8(e) notices and decides upon any action. Industry is also encouraged to submit health and environmental toxicity data on a voluntary, or For Your Information (FYI) basis. 

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was enacted in 1976 to identify and control toxic chemical ha2ards to human health and the environment. One of the main provisions of TSCA was to estabUsh and maintain an inventory of all chemicals in commerce in the United States for the purpose of regulating any of the chemicals that might pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. An initial inventory of chemicals was estabhshed by requiring companies to report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) all substances that were imported, manufactured, processed, distributed, or disposed of in the United States. Over 50,000 chemical substances were reported. PoUowing this initial inventory, introduction of all new chemical substances requires a Premanufacturing Notification (PMN) process. To be included in the PMN are the identity of the new chemical, the estimated first year and maximum production volume, manufacture and process information, a description of proposed use, potential release to the environment, possible human exposure to the new substance, and any health or environmental test data available at the time of submission. In the 10 years that TSCA has been in effect, the USEPA has received over 10,000 PMNs and up to 10% of the submissions each year are for dyes (382)... 

The ECOTOXicology database is a source for locating single chemical toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants and wildlife. ECOTOX integrates three toxicology effects databases AQUIRE (aquatic life), PHYTOTOX (terrestrial plants), and TERRETOX (terrestrial wildlife). These databases were created by the U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development (ORD), and the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laborator) (NHEERL), Mid-Continent Ecology Division... 

Solomon, K.R., Giddings, J.M., and Maund, S.J. (2001). Probabilistic risk assessment of cotton pyrethroid.I. Distributional analysis of laboratory aquatic toxicity data. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 652-659. 

This property of organophosphate esters may be of environmental importance since phosphoric acid diesters are much more soluble and very little is known concerning the environmental toxicity of these compounds. The available data do not provide sufficient descriptions of the experimental methods to determine if the rates are reliable (Barnard et al. 1961 Ciba-Geigy 1984e, 1986 Howard and Deo 1979 Mayer et al. 1981 Wolfe 1980). The majority of reports provide only a minimum of information and exclude important facts such as the duration of the experiments and the concentration of buffers. Despite the lack of experimental detail, published rate constants for base-catalyzed hydrolysis appear to be reasonably consistent and suggest that the hydrolytic half-life of triphenyl phosphate will vary from... 

This gives an example of fate modeling in which the risks of an insect growth inhibitor, CGA-72662, in aquatic environments were assessed using a combination of the SWRRB and EXAMS mathematical models.. Runoff of CGA-72662 from agricultural watersheds was estimated using the SWRRB model. The runoff data were then used to estimate the loading of CGA-72662 into the EXAMS model for aquatic environments. EXAMS was used to estimate the maximum concentrations of CGA-72662 that would occur in various compartments of the defined ponds and lakes. The maximum expected environmental concentrations of CGA-72662 in water were then compared with acute and chronic toxicity data for CGA-72662 in fish and aquatic invertebrates in order to establish a safety factor for CGA-72662 in aquatic environments. 

Judson R, Richard AM, Dix DJ, Houck K, Martin MT, Kavlock RJ et al (2009) The toxicity data landscape for environmental chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 117 685-695... 

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship studies search for a relationship between the activity/toxicity of chemicals and the numerical representation of their structure and/or features. The overall task is not easy. For instance, several environmental properties are relatively easy to model, but some toxicity endpoints are quite difficult, because the toxicity is the result of many processes, involving different mechanisms. Toxicity data are also affected by experimental errors and their availability is limited because experiments are expensive. A 3D-QSAR model reflects the characteristics of... 

Passino, D.R.M., Smith, S.B. (1987) Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) and toxicity data in hazard assessment. In QSAR in Environmental Toxicology-II. Kaiser, K.L.E., Editor, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 261-270. 

Selection of target pharmaceuticals (see Table 1) was based on the following criteria (1) the sales and practices in Spain (according to National Health system), (2) compound pharmacokinetics (the percentage of excretion as nonmetabolized substance), (3) their occurrence in the aquatic media (data taken from other similar studies), and (4) on data provided by environmental risk assessment approaches, which link the calculation of predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) with toxicity data in order to evaluate which compounds are more liable to pose an environmental risk for aquatic organisms [20-22], In the current European... 

Finally, the pesticide concentrations determined in water and biota, together with the toxicity values of each individual compound, the toxicity data measured in the water samples, and the general physicochemical values were combined and analyzed together to establish potential cause-effect relationships and identify major toxicants or environmental pressures in the area of study. More details can be found in Kock et al. [12],... 

Fischer, S.A. and L.W. Hall, Jr. 1992. Environmental concentrations and aquatic toxicity data on diflubenzuron (dimilin). Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 22 45-79. 

The present book contains chapters written by researchers in the field of analytical environmental chemistry, toxicology and industry who are interested in improving knowledge of the fate and toxicity data of surfactants and metabolites formed. 

P. Rudolph, Aquatic Toxicity Data Base, Federal Environmental Agency, Berlin, 1989. 

Conceptually, SPMD data fills a gap between exposure assessments based on direct analytical measurement of total residues in water and air, and the analysis of residues present in biomonitoring organisms. SPMDs provide a biomimetic approach (i.e., processes in simple media that mimic more complex biological processes) for determining ambient HOC concentrations, sources, and gradients. Residues accumulated in SPMDs are representative of their environmental bioavailability (see Section 1.1.) in water and air and the encounter-volume rate as defined by Landrum et al. (1994) is expected to be proportional to the uptake rate. SPMD-based estimates of water concentrations can be readily compared to aquatic toxicity data (generally based on dissolved phase concentrations) and SPMD extracts can be used to screen for toxic concentrations of HOCs using bioassays or biomarker tests. 

The toxicologist usually moves from studies of a single exposure to ones in which animals are exposed on each of 90 consecutive days. The 90-day subchronic study has become a convention in the field. Rodents usually live 2-3 years in the laboratory, so 90 days is about 10% of a lifetime. An enormous amount of 90-day rodent toxicity data have been collected over the past several decades and have played key roles in judging the risks of environmental chemicals. 

---