Biomonitoring organisms

In subsequent chapters, we provide an overview of SPMD fundamentals and applications (Chapter 2) the theory and modeling which includes the extrapolation of SPMD concentrations to ambient environmental concentrations (Chapter 3) study considerations such as the necessary precautions and procedures during SPMD transport, deployment, and retrieval (Chapter 4) the analytical chemistry and associated quality control for the analysis of SPMD dialysates or extracts (Chapter 5) a survey and brief description of bioassays-biomarkers used to screen the toxicity of SPMD environmental extracts (Chapter 6) discussions on how HOC concentrations in SPMDs may or may not relate to similarly exposed biomonitoring organisms (Chapter 7) and selected examples of environmental studies using SPMDs (Chapter 8). In addition, two appendices are included which provide... 

Conceptually, SPMD data fills a gap between exposure assessments based on direct analytical measurement of total residues in water and air, and the analysis of residues present in biomonitoring organisms. SPMDs provide a biomimetic approach (i.e., processes in simple media that mimic more complex biological processes) for determining ambient HOC concentrations, sources, and gradients. Residues accumulated in SPMDs are representative of their environmental bioavailability (see Section 1.1.) in water and air and the encounter-volume rate as defined by Landrum et al. (1994) is expected to be proportional to the uptake rate. SPMD-based estimates of water concentrations can be readily compared to aquatic toxicity data (generally based on dissolved phase concentrations) and SPMD extracts can be used to screen for toxic concentrations of HOCs using bioassays or biomarker tests. 

Huckins J.N. Prest H.F Petty J.D. R0e T.I. Meadows J.C. Echols K.R. Lebo J.A. Clark R.C. 1998, A Overview of the Results of Several Comparisons of Lipid-containing Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and Biomonitoring Organisms for Assessing Organic Chemical Exposure. Abstracts of the 19th Annual National Meeting SETAC Charlotte, NC November 15-19, 1998 p 215. 

In the case of passive biomonitoring, organisms already occurring naturally in the ecosystem are examined for their reactions. This classification of organisms (or communities of these) is according to their "origin . 

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