Environmental protection, measures

The current oil bonanza has focused more attention on the plight of the Caspian environment, highlighting the need to take action. However, environmental remediation of existing hotspots has not been a priority for the region s governments, and their desire to develop the Caspian s oil and gas resources as a driver for economic development means that environmental protection measures are likely to take a back seat in the near-term. 

A special place among kinetic studies in combustion is occupied by work on nitrogen oxidation. Begun at the AS USSR Institute of Chemical Physics in the mid-thirties on the initiative of N. N. Semenov, research to determine the feasibility of fixation of atmospheric nitrogen for the production of mineral fertilizers has today found application in the development of environmental protection measures for toxic components of combustion products, including nitrogen oxide. In December, 1939, Ya.B. defended his doctoral dissertation on The Oxidation of Nitrogen in Combustion and Explosions. It was precisely these studies, in which D. A. Frank-Kamenetskii, P. Ya. Sadovnikov, A. A. Rudoy, A. A. Kovalskii, and others actively participated, that led Ya.B. to the problems of combustion and detonation. 

Second, due to the wide range and complexity of problems raised by environmental protection measures, the closest possible contact and consultation between industry and government should be sought. 

Third, any environmental protection measures envisaged must be technically sound and economically acceptable, reviewed in a framework of global approach and where at least safety and energy-use are topics to be included in the global appreciation. 

Environmental protection measures should be taken at the most appropriate level , taking into account the type of pollution, the action needed, and the geographical zone to be protected. This is known as the subsidiarity principle ... 

Most of the processes involved in crude-oil processing and petrochemistry, such as purification stages, refining, and chemical transformations, require catalysts. Environmental protection measures such as automobile exhaust control and purification of off-gases from power stations and industrial plant would be inconceivable without catalysts [5]. 

With the use of cadmium coatings, a variety of environmental protection measures must be connected. A removal of the cadmium layers at the end of the lifetime of the coated part should he guaranteed. 

In some cases costs of the environmental protection installations arc given. However, it is difficult to generalize on the costs of environmental protection measures in the fertilizer industry because the costs depend on several factors ... 

These indicators would allow the calculation of the agricultural production profile and the necessary investment and inputs. Some of the inputs such as certified seeds and animal breeds have an agricultural origin others have an industrial origin. Also environmental protection measures originating from agricultural development must be considered. 

Specific policy measures (e.g., environmental protection measures). 

At this stage, the product yield of the enterprise increases. Due to the backward process, equipments and technology, the COD emissions of the enterprise increases. This stage can be considered as the key stage of pollutant emissions of the enterprise and the demand for environmental capacity of the enterprise. It is an important stage of enterprise s environmental management. Therefore, the enterprise managers should not only emphasize the economic benefits, but also improve the environmental benefits of the enterprise, and update the production process. The environmental protection measures that conform to the demand for environmental capacity of the enterprise should be adopted in order to achieve the balance between economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit. 

The Brockhaus Encyklopaedia, 19th Edition, provides the following definition Geotechnics is an umbrella term for those branches of civil engineering which deal with the constraction of nndergronnd stractures or those on the earth surface in which soils and rocks are key components of the stracture... Environmental protection measures such as contaimnent of landfills and contaminated land are included. .. Examples are foundations of all kind, slopes, tuimels, dams and dykes, landfills, canals. Theoretical fundamentals are soil mechanics and fluid mechanics... 

Details of on-site environmental protection measures, eg separators and areas where firewater run off can be contained. 

Non-radioactive substances utilised and/or stored on the site also represent potential hazards to the environment. This section will demonstrate that environmental protection measures are in place with regard to both radioactive and non-radioactive substances. 

As a consequence of environmental protection measures the use of dichloromethane was declining. This had been achieved by improving production and application technologies, handling in safety vessels, and by recycling, work-up and reuse of used solvents. In Germany, the demand had been reduced by 75% between 1986 and 1997. Since 1992 sales have stabilized at ca. 150 Kt/yr. 

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