Environmental protection cost considerations

In summary, the biocatalytic process reduces raw material costs by a factor of four and the percentage of process costs for environmental protection (incineration, waste water treatment and waste gas cleaning) is cut down considerably from 21% to 1%. Compared with the chemical process the environmental protection costs were reduced by about 90% per ton of 7-ACA. 

Despite the attractions of economic forces driving environmental protection, some cautions and failures have been noted. Firstly, the export of hazardous waste to countries where costs for treatment are lower enhances environmental risks during transport and has the potential for transboundary export in the event of pollution. At the same time, the loss of raw material may deprive the home market of an adequate supply of feedstock for the home-based industry. Secondly, there is considerable scepticism that self-regulation of TBT-based antifoulants could be achieved in a timely manner by the shipping industry. This is an instance where the cost benehts to one industry are born by another commercial sector, notably aquaculture. Thus, protection of the marine environment is likely to be aided by economic factors but the role of government, via taxation and standard setting, is not likely to be usurped. Public education and, in turn, pressure, can promote and support corporate environmentalism. 

One of the interesting features of the two-phase digestion process is that it can be retrofitted to an existing anaerobic digestion plant to effectively double its treatment capacity at a considerably reduced capital cost compared to the cost of a grassroots plant of the same additional incremental capacity. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s projection of new anaerobic digestion capacity needed in the United States for municipal wastewater treatment in... 

Section 112 of the CAA provides a list of 189 hazardous air pollutants for which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must establish emissions standards for sources that emit any listed pollutant. There was considerable debate concerning the costs of emissions control, which came to a head in 1986... 

Increasingly, wastes are no longer just disposed of but processed for direct recycling or as secondary raw materials. With these technologies environmental protection laws are fulfdled, raw material sources are conserved, problem-causing waste deposits or extensive land fills are avoided, and, over all, energy is saved. This results in considerable reductions in costs and increases in profit potentials in all industries. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ERA). Secondary considerations include the cost of manufacture of product and the cost of disposal of waste. 

As a rule, to manufacture a given component, different process chains are possible, posing the question of optimizing manufacturing processes and subsequently the process chains that should be applied. The first goal is to keep the process costs to a minimum at constant or even enhanced product quality. Another goal is to improve process productivity. Environmental protection, careful use of resources, and use of reproductive materials are increasingly important considerations. 

Once a particular class of crystallizer is decided upon, the choice of a specific unit depends upon such considerations as the initial and operating costs, the space availability, the type and size of crystals required, the physical characteristics of the mother liquor and crystal slurry, the need for corrosion resistance, sterile operation, environmental protection, and so on. 

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