Environmental Control Expense

Miscellaneous Direct Expenses These items include operating supplies, clothing and laundry, laboratory expenses, royalties, environmental control expenses, etc. 

Environmental Control Expense Wastes from manufacturing operations must be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. This direct expense is borne by each manufacturing department. Some companies have their own disposal facilities, or they may contract with a firm that handles the disposal operation. However the wastes are handled, there is an expense. Published data are found in the open literature, some of which have been published by Couper (2003k 

PRODUCT TOTAL SALES ( /YR) RATED CAPACITY (MM LRS/YR) LOCATION EIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT LAND WORKING CAPITAL OPERATING HOURS (HRS/YR) DATE RY PLASTICIZER X 7200000 12 800000 25000 120000  

RAW MATERIALS MATERIAL AANDR GROSS MATERIAL EXPENSE UNIT LR ANNUAL QUANTITY 12000000 /UNIT. 23 /YEAR 2760000 0 0 0 2760000 

RY-PRODUCTS RY-PRODUCT CREDIT UNIT ANNUAL QUANTITY /UNIT /YEAR 0 0 0 

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The manufacturing cost consists of direct, indirect, distribution, and fixed costs. Direct costs are raw materials, operating labor, production supervision, utihties, suppHes, repair, and maintenance. Typical indirect costs include payroll overhead, quaHty control, storage, royalties, and plant overhead, eg, safety, protection, personnel, services, yard, waste, environmental control, and other plant categories. However, environmental control costs are frequendy set up as a separate account and calculated direcdy. The principal distribution costs are packaging and shipping. Fixed costs, which are insensitive to production level, include depreciation, property taxes, rents, insurance, and, in some cases, interest expense. 

For facilities that include large numbers of motors and other electrical equipment, it normally is both more economical and more convenient to furnish a building to enclose the required motor starters and distribution panels. This building is normally referred to as a motor control center (MCC). In addition to typically allowing less expensive non-explosion-proof equipment, these buildings are frequently environmentally controlled (air conditioned, and possibly heated in colder climates) to reduce equipment corrosion and enhance reliability. Maintenance is more easily performed indoors than if the equipment were installed outside and maintenance personnel were subject to extreme cold, rain, snow, or other adverse weather conditions. 

Typically, inhibitor reserve control limits are set at 10 to 20%. Simple field methods for CrQ and Mo reserve exist and are reasonably accurate, with minimal interference, although chromate is not widely used anymore and molybdenum is an expensive corrosion inhibitor and can be subject to environmental controls. 

Furthermore, samples are not usually optically clear.On the other hand, electrochemical monitoring of these compounds can be done by biosensors. Many reports on enzyme sensors have been published for clinical and food analyses(1,2). The enzyme sensors consisted of the immobilized enzyme and an electrochemical device. However, enzymes are unstable and expensive. Therefore, the enzyme sensors are not suitable for industrial process and environmental control. 

For a solid sulfur product, the sulfur layer is pumped to large outside vats where it is allowed to cool. The simplest containment for this method consists of a vertical sheet metal rim which is used to hold the molten sulfur until it solidifies. Once the product is solid, the metal rim is moved upward ready to receive the next layer of molten sulfur. The large, compact dense masses of product thus formed represent one of the least expensive and best environmentally controlled forms of storage of excess sulfur inventory. For delivery, the large mass is broken up using small explosive charges or mechanical means. 

In fact, in some areas, local environmental regulations may rule out open storage, but it should be considered at least initially, because it can be less expensive from a total cost standpoint, even with environmental controls. 

The systems illustrated above have all been open systems in which air is usually the conveying gas and this is simply drawn from the atmosphere and returned back to it, after being Altered. For certain conveying duties it is necessary to convey the material in a controlled environment. If a dust cloud of the material is potentially explosive, nitrogen or some other gas can be used to convey the material. In an open system such environmental control can be very expensive, but in a closed system the gas can be re-circulated and so the operating costs, in terms of inert gas, are significantly reduced. 

Catalysis is important academically and industrially. It plays an essential role in the manufacture of a wide range of products, from gasoline and plastics to fertilizers and herbicides, which would otherwise be unobtainable or prohibitively expensive. There are few chemical- or oil-based material items in modem society that do not depend in some way on a catalytic stage in their manufacture. Apart from manufacturing processes catalysis is finding other important and ever increasing uses for example, successful applications of catalysis in the control of pollution and its use in environmental control are certain to increase in the future. 

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