Environmental aspects of recycling,

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF RECYCLING VALVE-REGULATED LEAD-ACID BATTERIES... 

Key findings are reported from a study by David Brown of Warwick Research Institute into the environmental aspects of plastics packaging used for snack foods. The four options of reduction, re-use, recycling and recovery are discussed. The original research examines OPP as the most commonly used plastic for snack food packaging. BODY SHOP... 

Environmental aspects of PVC are examined on the basis of the findings of a number of studies carried out in Europe and the USA into recycling and waste disposal and the toxicity of phthalate plasticisers used in PVC toys and medical equipment. 

Recent announcements by two major European producers of methacrylic acid addressing the environmental aspects of their approaches illustrate nicely the benefits of eliminating waste at source by implementing a clean production process versus the end-of-pipe recovery and recycle of environmentally damaging key raw materials. 

DeGenova, J. (1997) Recovery, reuse, and recycle of water in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Aspects of Electrochemical Technology, edited by Datta, M., Fenton, J., Brooman, E. Electrochemical Society, pp. 3-15. 

In Chapter 23, the cost of battery components is presented together with a discussion on economic, environmental and regulatory aspects of recycling. Fiuthermore,... 

Product stewardship means "responsibly managing the health, safety, and environmental aspects of raw materials, intermediate, and consumer products throughout their life cycle and across the value chain in order to prevent or minimize negative impacts and maximize value" [7], Chapter 2 of this book discusses the technical tools that a product steward uses to achieve this goal. These tools include the techniques to characterize and predict the fate and transport of chemicals in the environment upon their manufacture and use. The tools also include the methods used to calculate the possible risks to human health and the environment that may result. Chapter 2 also describes the formal process of life cycle assessment, which uses these tools to evaluate the potential effects on the environment as a result of the production, use, and disposal or recycling of a product. 

Abstract Whereas much attention has been paid to the environmental aspects of the life cycle of fuel cell fuel production, emphasis is placed on fuel cell hardware and materials recovery, including component reuse, remanufacturing, materials recycling and energy recovery for fuel cell maintenance and retirement processes. Fuel cell hardware recycling is described and issues related to the recycling infrastructure and the compatibihty of fuel cell hardware and materials are discussed. The role of materials selection and recovery in the fuel cell hfe cycle is described. Future trends for fuel cells centered on voluntary and mandatory recovery and the movement of life cycle considerations from computational research laboratories to design complete the discussion. 

Fuel cell hardware recycling promises to be an important environmental aspect of mass-produced systems. In recovery, materials are collected and separated before being reused, remanufactured, recycled or used for energy recovery, as follows ... 

Some organizations focus on the technical aspects of recycling plastics and leave poUtical opinion out of their mandate. One such organization is the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE) Environmental Division that was established to disseminate... 

The construction industry, as a major part of the economy in the UK and elsewhere, has a significant impact on the environment. An estimated 198000 companies of all sizes make up the industry, with an annual output of 58 billion. The industry produces 29% of the controlled waste in the UK (70 million tonnes annually), of which 12 to 15 million tonnes are currently recycled. About 17% of waste going to landfill sites is directly related to construction work. Good management of the environment makes economic sense because many of the environmental aspects of construction work carry financial cost. Examples are energy use and waste, where taxation on landfill and a proposed climate change levy will add to costs. 

Sustainable procurement includes the economic, environmental, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimensions. CSR aspects of sourcing often deals with assuring ethically sound relationships, establishing codes of conduct, and human rights. Environmental aspects facilitate recycling, reuse, reduction of toxicity, and reduction of resource use. In many cases, as in reduced resource use, sustainable practices can, in fact, decrease the cost in the supply chain. These issues are discussed at length in Chap. 9. 

Environmental Aspects. More than two-thirds of aluminum cans are recaptured and returned for recycling into more cans. Because of the heat of melting, the use of post-consumer recycled cans is safe for beverage contents. Not only does recycling save on mass of materials, it also saves the energy of manufacture from aluminum ore (see Recycling, nonferrous metals). 

Environmental aspects, as well as the requirement of efficient mixing in the mixed acid process, have led to the development of single-phase nitrations. These can be divided into Hquid- and vapor-phase nitrations. One Hquid-phase technique involves the use of > 98% by weight nitric acid, with temperatures of 20—60°C and atmospheric pressure (21). The molar ratios of nitric acid benzene are 2 1 to 4 1. After the reaction is complete, excess nitric acid is vacuum distilled and recycled. An analogous process is used to simultaneously produce a nitrobenzene and dinitrotoluene mixture (22). A conversion of 100% is obtained without the formation of nitrophenols or nitrocresols. The nitrobenzene and dinitrotoluene are separated by distillation. 

Adhesives and resins are one of the most important raw materials in wood-based panels. Thus, each question concerning the life cycle assessment and the recycling of bonded wood panels does bring into question the adhesive resins used. This includes, for example, the impact of the resin on various environmental aspects such as waste water and effluents, emission of noxious volatile chemicals during production and from the finished boards, or the reuse for energy generation of wood panels. The type of resin has also a crucial influence on feasibility and efficiency for several material recycling processes. 

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