Environmental aspects definition

Recycling clearly has an important bearing upon fibre supply. There are two important environmental aspects to waste paper recycling. The first of these is what is known as the utilisation rate of waste paper and is defined as the waste paper consumption as a proportion of total paper and board production. The second useful definition is the recovery rate, which is simply the amount of waste paper recovered as a percentage of total paper and board consumption. An example of the use of such figures is shown in Table 10.1. 

Liss-Suter D, Villaume JE, Goldstein FJ. 1978. A literature review - problem definition studies on selected toxic chemicals. Volume 8 Environmental aspects of diesel fuels and fog oils SGF no. 1 and SGF no. 2 and smoke screens generated from them. Philadelphia, PA Franklin Institute Research Laboratories. Final report. Contract no. DAMD 17-77-C-7020. ADAO56021. 

In the list of Indicators for Environmental Aspects of Sustainable Development, the UN CSD Methodology Sheet gives a definition of the environmental indicator Rate of waste recvclins. 

Environmental aspects of product design and development Environmental aspects in product standards Terms and definitions GHG management and related activities Measuring the carbon footprint of products. 

The decision model applied in this paper allows the ordering of sections of pipelines in a hierarchy of multidimensional risks. The problem is well defined in the sense that the context of the problem of decision has aheady been defined as the purpose and objectives of the model, beyond the dimensions of risk to be addressed. These risks include human, financial and environmental aspects of risk, arising from the use of the sections or pipelines under analysis. A hierarchy presents therefore as an insight to the process of managing risks in pipelines and the definition of risk mitigating actions to be taken against the risks associated with each section. 

Life cycle assessment is defined by ISO 14040 as compilation and evalu ation of inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. The ISO standards regulate the procedural aspects of LCA. They do not, however, provide all the information required for carrying out an LCA study. The main phases of LCA are goal and scope definition, inventory, impact assessment, and interpretation. The various applications of LCA are not regulated by the standard (Fig. 15.1). 

The toxicity of this third allotropic form of carbon is an aspect related to application in medicine and biology, while the concern about the environmental impact is due to the industrial production of fullerenes. Many studies are dedicated to both aspects and, so far, it is not possible to have a definitive answer although the current findings allow some optimistic vision. 

The main goal of this chapter is to review the most widely used modeling techniques to analyze sorption/desorption data generated for environmental systems. Since the definition of sorption/desorption (i.e., a mass-transfer mechanism) process requires the determination of the rate at which equilibrium is approached, some important aspects of chemical kinetics and modeling of sorption/desorption mechanisms for solid phase systems are discussed. In addition, the background theory and experimental techniques for the different sorption/ desorption processes are considered. Estimations of transport parameters for organic pollutants from laboratory studies are also presented and evaluated. 

The UV radiation disinfects germs in an aqueous system, which can be operated as plug flow, continuous flow, or other modes. The killing efficiency is controlled by many factors, which can be classified into two aspects disinfection kinetics and flow dynamics. Like many other processes in both chemical and environmental engineering, the mathematical modeling of the UV disinfection can be started from simulation of distribution of flow velocity together with definition of suitable kinetic model(s). The disinfection effect in terms of survival of pathogens as a function of operational conditions such as time and dose can then be estimated. Since the mathematical models involve many unknown parameters that must be experimentally determined, they are mainly... 

There are several definitions of validation but, in simple terms, the word means demonstrating that a process will consistently produce the results that it is intended to. Thus, with respect to sterile products, validation would be necessary for each of the individual aspects of the manufacturing process, e.g. environmental monitoring, raw materials quality assessment, the sterilization process itself and the sterility testing procedure. Of these, it is the sterilization process that is likely to be subject to the most detailed and complex validation procedures, and these will be used to exemplify the factors to be considered. A typical validation procedure for a steam sterilization process is likely to incorporate most, or all, of the following features ... 

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