Board consumption

Year World pulp production from virgin fibre (million tonnes) World paper and board consumption (million tonnes) Recycled fibre usage (million tonnes) Recycled fibre usage (%)... 

Recycling clearly has an important bearing upon fibre supply. There are two important environmental aspects to waste paper recycling. The first of these is what is known as the utilisation rate of waste paper and is defined as the waste paper consumption as a proportion of total paper and board production. The second useful definition is the recovery rate, which is simply the amount of waste paper recovered as a percentage of total paper and board consumption. An example of the use of such figures is shown in Table 10.1. 

Table 1.6 World paper and board consumption by country, 2002.

Annual Proceedings of the Safety Seminars, Dept, of Defense, Explosive Safety Board, Washington, D.C. International symposia on explosives and closely related subjects are excellent sources of information, ie, international symposia on detonation symposia on combustion symposia on chemical problems connected with the stabiUty of explosives international pyrotechnics seminars symposia on compatibiUty of plastics and other materials with explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, and processing of explosives, propellants, and ingredients and symposia on explosives and pyrotechnics Mineral Industy Surveys, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Periodic pubhcations dedicated primarily to explosive studies in Propellants and Explosives Journal of Ha yardous Materials, and apparent consumption of industrial explosives and blasting agents in the United States. 

The total U.S. consumption of H2TiFg is 20 t/yr. The 1993 price varied between 2.80 to 7.50/kg depending on quantity and specifications. It is packaged in DOT approved polyethylene-lined dmms and the salts in polyethylene-lined fiber board dmms. 

In Europe total consumption of plastic foam insulation for 1992 was 29 x 10 m (>12 billion board ft) withHttle or no growth seen from 1991. AU products were expected to grow by an average of 1% due primarily to the continued effects of the economic recession. 

Pulp production and per capita consumption of paper and board for 1992 is shown in Table 8. The United States, Canada, Sweden, Finland, and Norway make up the North American and Scandinavian (NORSCAN) countries and produced about 63% (22.8 million tons) of the world output. Market share is growing for producers in Latin and South America, Western Europe, Asia, and Africa. These areas provide low cost pulp from state-of-the-art mills. Mills in the third world countries often enjoy the benefits of plentiful, fast-growing tree species, such as eucalyptus and tropical pines, and lower operating and labor costs (3). 

Consumption includes sold or used, minus exports. Data on quantities sold or used is from the quarterly gypsum canvasses of the nongypsum board producers, annual canvasses of all producers, and from data furnished by the Gypsum Association. 

About half of epoxide resin production is used for surface coating applications, with the rest divided approximately equally between electronic applications (particularly for printed circuit boards and encapsulation), the building sector and miscellaneous uses. In tonnage terms consumption of epoxide-fibre laminates is only about one-tenth that of polyester laminates, but in terms of value it is much greater. 

In addition to the surface area of the particles, several other parameters have some influence on the necessary resin consumption, e.g. the type of the boards, thickness of the sanding zone, type and capacity of the blenders, separation and spraying of the glue resin (only wiping effect or spraying of the resin by air or liquid pressure), shape of the panicles for the same particle sizes, dependence of... 

The annual world production of paper and board is around 250 million metric tonnes, and well over half of this is produced in the US and EEC countries. A mere 1.2 million tonnes is produced in the whole of Africa. It is also consumed almost totally by the developed world and the per capita consumption of paper and board products varies hugely throughout the world (Table 1.1). 

Table 1.1 Annual per capita consumption (1991) of paper and board products in various regions world-wide.

Region Annual per capita consumption of paper and board)kg... 

For the calculation of WTW energy requirements and GHG emissions we have made the simplification that the fuel consumption of a vehicle fuelled with ethanol (e.g., E85) is the same as that of a vehicle fuelled with pure gasoline. Methanol is used in fuel cell vehicles with on-board fuel processors. Table 7.2 shows the properties of different transportation fuels. 

These modern computer controlled ignition systems use multiple sensors to determine optimum firing. This may include double pick-up sensors on the flywheel to determine rpms under acceleration and deceleration, intake and atmospheric pressure compensation, oxygen sensor levels to maximize combustion, temperature sensors and exhaust emission sensors. All this data is constantly fed into the on-board computer and processed using complex algorithms to determine optimum firing and fuel consumption levels. 

Mass-produced cantilever sensors, however, have the potential to satisfy the conditions of selectivity, sensitivity, miniature size, low power consumption, and real-time operation [5, 6], Microcantilevers are micromachined from silicon or other materials and can easily be fabricated in multiple-element arrays. They resemble miniature diving boards measuring 100 to 200 pm long by about 20 to 40 pm wide by 0.3 to 1 pm thick and having a mass of a few nanograms. Their primary advantage originates from their sensitivity, which is based on the ability to detect their motion with subnanometer precision. 

Consumption of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drags in other developed countries is also quite high as is reflected in Table 1.7. Most widely used almost across the board in those countries is acetylsalicyclic acid and paracetamol. Beyond these two, it is apparent that the pattern of use of the other pain medications is quite diverse, with some pain relievers more popular in some countries than in others. Although the statistics are not readily available, pain relief medications are also the most consumed per capita in developing countries. 

De Vlieger, I., On-Board Emission and Fuel Consumption Measurement Campaign on Petrol-Driven Passenger Cars, Atmos. Environ., 31, 3753-3761 (1997). 

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