Enterprise Standard Industrial

In addition to the SIC, where each plant or establishment receives an individual code, the federal government uses the Enterprise Standard Industrial Classification (ESIC) (2), where each company receives a single code according to the company s dominant activity. In the ESIC system, the real estate transactions of Shell Oil are all classed as ESIC 29 and the chemical operations of firms like General Electric, Borden, and Food Machinery Corporation are not part of ESIC 28. This system is useful in compiling and analyzing financial and related data (e.g., income, expenses, and profits that may be available only on a company basis). The existence of two systems requires care and discrimination in analyzing economic data. 

Enterprise Standard Industrial Classification Manual. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC. 1974. 

No uniform standard of compensation of work-related accidents, the majority of enterprises to industrial injury accident compensation has many man-made factors and random factors, generally at a failed to follow State, the amount of compensation is generally low, and the compensation is often not in place in time. Conflicts between employers and employees in turn, affects the social harmony and stabiUty, and become an urgent social problems. Lower compensation amount, the objective is also to make some employers do not pay attention to safety work, or even ignore the occurrence of accidents, further exacerbated by the frequent occurrence of accidents, injuries caught in the vicious cycle, is not conducive to safety. Meanwhile, the workers life, health, safety and other legal rights are not adequately protected. 

Milk has been a source for food for humans since the beginning of recorded history. Although the use of fresh milk has increased with economic development, the majority of consumption occurs after milk has been heated, processed, or made into butter. The milk industry became a commercial enterprise when methods for preservation of fluid milk were introduced. The successful evolution of the dairy industry from small to large units of production, ie, the farm to the dairy plant, depended on sanitation of animals, products, and equipment cooling faciUties health standards for animals and workers transportation systems constmction materials for process machinery and product containers pasteurization and sterilization methods containers for distribution and refrigeration for products in stores and homes. 

The relatively low entry level instrumentation cost and the relatively simple experimental methods associated with GARField - both comparable to a standard bench-top relaxation analysis spectrometer as commonly used by the food industry, for example, for water/fat ratio determinations - offer potential advantages to the industrial based user. Indeed, the overwhelming majority of the applications development work described here has been carried out in collaboration with major multi-national industrial corporations such as ICI Paints, Unilever and Uniqema, with industry sponsored research laboratories and associations such as Traetek, and with a range of small-medium sized enterprises. 

The big players in the chemical industry have developed very powerful company-specific ERP systems (enterprise resource planning earlier this type of system was denoted as production planning and control) since the 1960s. The growing costs to maintain and adapt these systems have motivated the move to integrated standard business software systems in the last decade. The majority of the big chemical companies use SAP R/3 resp. SAP ERP from SAP AG other well-known solution vendors include Marcam (now part of Infor) and JD Edwards (now part of PeopleSoft resp. Oracle). 

Finally, as a consequence of trans-European collaboration and policy coalitions, voluntary standards on safety and the environment diffused throughout the new member states. One of the main objectives of CEFIC was to promote not only EU legislation but also Responsible Care as another mechanism to level the regulatory playing field in Europe, to promote a culture of safety and corporate responsibility, and to protect the reputation of the European chemical industry. Table 15.2 presents the growths of Responsible Care participation by chemical enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe. 

An important feature of the code is its universal applicability. All companies that are members of an affiliated trade association (e.g. ABPI [Association of British Pharmaceutical Industries], LEEM [Les enterprises du medicament or French Pharmaceutical Companies Association], LIF [Swedish Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry], Interpharma) are required to apply the minimum standards of the code wherever they do business. Companies entering into licensing and agency agreements are expected to require their licensees and agents to respect the provisions of the IFPMA code. 

After the war the oil companies followed the example of their industry s leading enterprise, Jersey Standard, and began to redefine their strategic boundaries to include fabrics, specialized plastics, fertilizers, and other businesses. By the 1970s these petrochemical enterprises realized that the barriers to entry created by the long-established chemical companies were too high to overcome. So they retreated and instead concentrated on feedstocks, intermediates, and commodity polymers. The oil companies that successfully redefined their boundaries received a quarter of their revenues from petrochemicals. 

All of this underscore a fundamental problem The drug discovery industry increasingly seems to be caught between the hammer of private enterprise with its requirement for return on investment and the anvil of public health, which demands unrestricted access to necessary medicines. Society posits for the industry inconsistent standards of behavior, observes one commentator. On some occasions, lawmakers and the general public seem to expect pharmaceutical firms to behave as if they were community-owned, nonprofit entities. At the same time, the firms owners... always expect the firms to use their market power and political muscle to maximize their owners wealth. Caught between these inconsistent standards of behavior is an industry that naturally will never get it quite right.And as long as that remains the case, debates about R D costs are unlikely to end. 

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