Engine emissions

A. J. Beumont, A. D. Noble, and A. Scariobrick, "Adaptive Transient Ah Euel Ratio Control to Minimise Gasoline Engine Emissions," Fisita Congress, London, 1992. 

Type of engine Emissions Emission reduction measures... 

Regulation of aircraft engine emissions has been made a national responsibility by law in the United States. The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for establishing emission limits of aircraft engines, and the Secretary of Transportation is required to prescribe regulations to ensure compliance with these limits. 

Nitroaromatic compounds have been identified in diesel engine emissions (Salmeen et al. 1984), and attention has been directed particularly to 1,8- and 1,6-dinitropyrene that are mutagenic, and possibly carcinogenic (Nakagawa et al. 1983). 

For similar motivations, there are limited incentives to develop an alternative SCR process for stationary sources based on methane (CH4-SCR) or other HCs, or based on NTP technologies, if not for specific, better applications. The situation is instead quite different for mobile sources, and in particular for diesel engine emissions. The catalytic removal of NO under lean conditions, e.g. when 02 during the combustion is in excess with respect to the stoichiometric one (diesel and lean-burn engines, natural gas or LPG-powered engines), is still a relevant target in catalysis research and an open problem to meet future exhaust emission regulations. 

Analysis and modelling of the dynamic behaviour of the catalyst is useful to closely describe the performance during start up, shut down and load variation of stationary applications, and of critical relevance for SCR-NH3 of mobile diesel engine emissions. Use of dynamic models for exhaust transients has not been extensively reported in the literature for the design of improved catalysts, although it is a very valuable method. On the contrary, as will be discussed later, use of this tool to derive mechanistic implications is much less convincing. 

The necessity of having a post catalyst layer which can eliminate slipping ammonia (in addition, since CO and HC also must be eliminated, current catalytic SCR-urea systems applied to diesel engine emissions are composed typically of five catalytic layers, making the size of the catalytic converter quite large and therefore applicable essentially only to heavy-duty trucks and buses). 

Krutzch, B., Goerigk, Ch., Kurze, S. et al. (1999) Process and apparatus for reducing nitrogen oxides in engine emissions, US Patent 5,921,076. 

Harrod, K.S., et al., Inhaled diesel engine emissions reduce bacterial clearance and exacerbate lung disease to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in vivo, Toxicol. Sci. 83,1,155,2005. 

Considering the composition of petroleum and petroleum products (Speight, 1994, 1999), it is not surprising that petroleum and petroleum-derived chemicals are environmental pollutants (Loeher, 1992 Olschewsky and Megna, 1992). The world s economy is highly dependent on petroleum for energy production, and widespread use has led to enormous releases to the environment of petroleum, petroleum products, exhaust from internal combustion engines, emissions from oil-fired power plants, and industrial emissions where fuel oil is employed. 

May, M. 2003. Development and demonstration of Fiseher-Tropseh fueled heavy-duty vehieles with eontrol teehnologies for redueed diesel exhaust emissions. 9th Diesel Engine Emissions Reduetion Conferenee. Newport, Rhode Island, 24-28 Aug 2003. 

After the pioneering studies of Haagen-Smit, an extensive scientific literature developed on the properties, measurement, and effects of photochemical smog. The attempt to control engine emission has had a profound effect on the automobile and petroleum industries. Estimated costs and associated benefits of automobile emission control each run into the billions per year. ... 

L. Bromberg, D.R. Cohn, A. Rabinovich and J. He5rwood, Diesel Engine Emission Reduction Workshop, San Diego, CA, Aug, 2000. 

Wotzak, G. Gibbs, R. and Hyde, J., "Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Health Effects of Diesel Engine Emissions," Cincinnati, December 1979, in press. 

Lapuerta M, Armas O, Rodriguez-Femandez J (2008) Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions. Prog Energy Combust Sci 34 198-223... 

Measures against diesel engine emissions limiting black smoke emissions from heavy duty vehicles Regulation of motor fuels. Limits amount of sulphur in fuel oil... 

Fromme, H., Oddoy, A., Piloty, M., Krause, M. and Lahrz, T. (1998a) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and diesel engine emission (elemental carbon) inside car and a subway train. The Science of the Total Environment, 217,165-73. 

Pandya, S., Yu, J. H., Parker, D., Engineering emissive europium and terbium complexes for molecular imaging and sensing. 

Ask the average man on the street for an example of catalysis, and you will most likely hear about the thing on the exhaust pipe that reduces engine emissions . As we shall see, the remarkable story of the catalytic converter is not only an excellent example of catalysis, but also highlights the connection between heterogeneous catalysis, green chemistry, and sustainable development. 

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