Enforcement powers

Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) was passed. This act and its various amendments are often referred to as tne Clean Water Act (CWA). It provided loans for treatment plant construction and temporary authority for federal control of interstate water pollution. The enforcement powers were so heavily dependent on the states as... 

USEPA was provided tougher enforcement powers lo dc il with illegal dumpers... 

The patent, a form of IP, "confers the right to secure the enforcement power of the state in excluding unauthorized persons, for a specified number of years, from making commercial use of a clearly identified invention" (Machlup 1958). As with all forms of IP, patents exist only because government says they do. Unlike real property, a house, a chair, a book, IP is non-rivalrous. There is no natural limit to the number of users of IP and no natural economic value except the production cost of the physical support. Thus, patents do "not arise out of the scarcity of the objects which become appropriated" (Plant 1934). 

Federal Water Pollution Control Act In 1948, the original Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) was passed. This act and its various amendments are often referred to as the Clean Water Act (CWA). It provided loans for treatment plant construction and temporary authority for federal control of interstate water pollution. The enforcement powers were so heavily dependent on the states as to make the act almost unworkable. In 1956, several amendments to the FWPCA were passed that made federal enforcement procedures less cumbersome. The provision for state consent was removed by amendments passed in 1961, which also extended federal authority to include navigable waters in the United States. 

Federal enforcement powers were strengthened, but not enough to give them any real effect, and the federal water pollution bureaucracy was removed from the industry-friendly Public Health Service.17... 

Enforcement powers. Under Loi du 16 novembre 1972 concemmt Vmspection dk. 

Enforcement powers. The Working Environment Authority applies, in particular, six methods of inspection ... 

Enforcement powers. The powers given to the OHS inspectors and OHS Districts are defined in the Labour Inspection Act (1973) - Laki tydsuojelun valvotmasta ja... 

Enforcement powers. Measures on hygiene, safety and working conditions and on the functioning of workers representation on health and saf are part of the Labour Code which is the main instrument on which the Labour Inspectorate relies to perform its tasks. With two complementary external intervention systems at enterprise level with respect to surveillance and enforcement of legislation in the field of health and safety and the prevention of occupational risks, the French system is a dual one. There is, on the one hand, the Labour Electorate as part of the Ministry of Labour, and on the other... 

Enforcement powers. The SEPE is organised on Ihe bms of a central service and regional sovices SEPE Occupational Risk Prevoition Centres and local departments when in need of extra expert assistance in enforcing the OELs have access to the scientific wd technical suiqKMrt of the Centre of Hedth and Safely at Work (KYAE). 

Enforcement powers. Between 1955 and 1978 the Labour Inspectorate Ispettorato del Lavoro) as an ofEce of the Ministry of Labour, decentralised to regional and provincial level, was the main body responsible for monitoring the application of labour legislation and collective agreements and the ftmctioning of social insurance, welfare and health arrangements. 

Enforcement powers. ITM has responsibility for many other matters apart from health and safety. Its inspectors are empowered to ... 

Enforcement powers. The IGT is a department directly under the Ministry of Employment but endowed with administrative autonomy, possessing powers to ensure compliance with legal provisions on working conditions and the system of employee protection at work and during unemployment. Its inspectors have the requisite powers and may call on the intervention of other authorities such as the police where necessary. 

Enforcement powers. Labour Inspectors have righte of access to workplaces and to certain information kept by the enterprise and can issue official notifications (of infi ingement, settlement, etc.) and propose administrative or penal sections for violations of social legislation Administrative offences, which are subject to sanctions imposed at the posal of the Labour Inspectorate, are covered mainly by the Labour Offences and Sanctions Act, first implemented in 1988/ the Workers Statute and the Prevention of Occupational Hazards Act. 

Enforcement powers. Compliance with OELs is a legal requirement under the COSHH Regulations. Under the HSW Act 1974 HSE inspectors have powers to issue two types of enforcement notice - an improvement notice or a prohibition notice - as well as powers to prosecute for criminal offences in the courts. Improvement notices are nomally used to instruct duty holders to remedy a situation in which an inspector believes that there has been a breach of the law resulting in a risk to the health or safety of persons that the law is intended to protect. The duty-holder is normally requir to remedy tiie situation within a specified time period in accordance wath the requirements laid out in the notice. Prohibition notices are normally issued where inspectors fell there is m imminent and serious risk to health and safety. They have the effect of prohibiting... 

The enforcement provisions of TSCA are broad and provide authority to enjoin violations, impose staggering penalties, and seize chemicals, as well as require manufacturers to recall or repurchase chemicals they have sold. These enforcement powers are set out in TSCA 7,15,16, and 17. 

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is an exceptional source for free information in the area of safety and loss prevention. Because NIOSH does not have any compliance enforcement powers, safety and loss prevention professionals should not hesitate to utilize this exceptioual service. The NIOSH is primarily a research institute that has conducted research on virtually any area of interest for a safety and loss prevention professional, from an analysis of fire helmets to the safety aspects of zinc. The NIOSH pnblishes a catalog of all of their publications on a periodic basis and provides a Web site (http //www.cdc.gov/ niosh) that offers information about their services, publications, research, and more (see Figure 11.1). 

The amounts of civil penalties that can be assessed for regidatory violations are established in the statutes granting enforcement powers. 

In order to carry out its mission, the EPA performs various tasks. It writes and enforces regulations that are based on environmental laws passed by Congress. The EPA s enforcement powers include fines and sanctions. Sometimes the agency sets national standards that states and tribes enforce on their own. If the states and tribes are not able to meet these standards, then the EPA assists them. The agency helps companies understand the requirements. It also works with industry and all levels of government in a variety of voluntary pollution prevention and energy conservation projects. 

For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) protects human health and the environment. It carries out this duty by writing and enforcing regulations that are based on laws passed by Congress. The Clean Air Act gave the EPA authority to regulate the emissions of hazardous air pollutants. In the same way, the Clean Water Act required the EPA to establish water quality standards. The EPA s enforcement powers include fines and sanctions. 

In 1970 the Robens Committee was set up to review the provision made for the safety and health of persons in the course of their employment. At that time safety requirements were contained in a variety of enactments (as the list of relevant statutory provisions in schedule 1 of HSW indicates). An estimated five million employees had no statutory protection. Protection was uneven. Administration was diverse and enforcement powers were considered inadequate. The wording and intent of the legislation were not directed towards personal involvement of the worker and in parts it was outdated. 

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