Elevation plane

In the case the element are focused in the elevation plane (our inner tube probe), it may be more convenient (or easy) to use a flat reflector at the focus plane or at its equivalent focus plane in water, for instance. 

AZ Azimuth point angle measured between the plane of the array (generally also the SBR velocity vector) and the elevation plane... 

The mainbeam of the radar generates a footprint on the ground whose size will depend upon the actual range R. Let Pel represent the main-beam width of the antenna pattern in the elevation plane. Further, let Rt and Rh denote the ranges of the toe and heel of the mainbeam footprint whose center is at range R, as shown in Fig. 7. Further, let ipT... 

Absolute elevation planes at the plant site are referred to sea level via bench marks erected by the U.S. Geodetic Survey or state surveys. Within the plant area, a reference datum level, generally at the lowest point on the site, is more useful in specifying plant elevations. 

Currently, transducer arrays are formed by ceramic polymer composite elements. A variety of technical solutions have been applied to improve their mechanical characteristics. In particular, piano-concave elements can be used to provide a uniform elevation plane radiation pattern both in the near and in the far field (Jedrzejewicz 1999). Similar results have been obtained producing multi-layered piezoelectric elements (Whittingham 1999b) or shaping the elements in other suitable ways. These refinements led to the use of very short pulses, increased bandwidth and better intrinsic collimation of the ultrasound beam (Fig. 1.1). 

The theory and appHcation of SF BDV and COV have been studied in both uniform and nonuniform electric fields (37). The ionization potentials of SFg and electron attachment coefficients are the basis for one set of correlation equations. A critical field exists at 89 kV/ (cmkPa) above which coronas can appear. Relative field uniformity is characterized in terms of electrode radii of curvature. Peak voltages up to 100 kV can be sustained. A second BDV analysis (38) also uses electrode radii of curvature in rod-plane data at 60 Hz, and can be used to correlate results up to 150 kV. With d-c voltages (39), a similarity rule can be used to treat BDV in fields up to 500 kV/cm at pressures of 101—709 kPa (1—7 atm). It relates field strength, SF pressure, and electrode radii to coaxial electrodes having 2.5-cm gaps. At elevated pressures and large electrode areas, a faH-off from this rule appears. The BDV properties ofHquid SF are described in thehterature (40—41). 

Iodine vapor is characterized by the familiar violet color and by its unusually high specific gravity, approximately nine times that of air. The vapor is made up of diatomic molecules at low temperatures at moderately elevated temperatures, dissociation becomes appreciable. The concentration of monoatomic molecules, for example, is 1.4% at 600°C and 101.3 kPa (1 atm) total pressure. Iodine is fluorescent at low pressures and rotates the plane of polarized light when placed in a magnetic field. It is also thermoluminescent, emitting visible light when heated at 500°C or higher. 

Fig. 11. Computer-simulated recirculating patterns in a mixing tank with full baffles (a) elevation view shows circulation patterns generated by turbine blades (b) plane view shows the effect of the baffle on the radial velocity vectors above the turbine blades.

Bucket Elevators. In a bucket elevator, a series of buckets attached to an endless belt or chain are filled with material and lifted vertically to a head pulley or sprocket, where the material is dumped. The buckets are then returned back down to a tail pulley or sprocket at the bottom. Bucket elevators are not self-feeding. They must be fed at a controlled rate to avoid overfilling the buckets and damagiag the machinery. In the usual arrangement of a bucket elevator, the chain or belt path is vertical or steeply inclined ia a single plane. Special chain supported bucket systems that can travel ia two and three planes have been developed. 

Since the belt is wrapped snugly around the material, it moves with the belt and is not subject to any form of internal movement except at feed and discharge. In addition, the belt can operate in many planes, with twists and turns to meet almost any layout condition within the fixed hmit of curvature placed on the loaded belt. It can convey and elevate with only a single drive multiple feed and discharge points are relatively easy to arrange. 

One of the effects of wind speed is to dilute continuously released pollutants at the point of emission. Whether a source is at the surface or elevated, this dilution takes place in the direction of plume transport. Figure 19-2 shows this effect of wind speed for an elevated source with an emission of 6 mass units per second. For a wind speed of 6 m s", there is 1 unit between the vertical parallel planes 1 m apart. When the wind is slowed to 2 m s there are 3 units between those same vertical parallel planes 1 m apart. Note that this dilution by the wind takes place at the point of emission. Because of this, wind speeds used in estimating plume dispersion are generally estimated at stack top. 

In praetiee, a feel simulator is attaehed to the eontrol eolumn to allow the pilot to sense the magnitude of the aerodynamie forees aeting on the eontrol surfaees, thus preventing exeess loading of the wings and tail-plane. The bloek diagram for the elevator eontrol system is shown in Figure 1.9. 

Elevated Plumes can be trapped either above or below the base of the inversion and held in a horizontal plane. Again, these can be brought down to ground level by eddies. This process is known as fumigation and can result in short-term high-level concentrations. 

Beryllium is a light metal (s.g. 1 -85) with a hexagonal close-packed structure (axial ratio 1 568). The most notable of its mechanical properties is its low ductility at room temperature. Deformation at room temperature is restricted to slip on the basal plane, which takes place only to a very limited extent. Consequently, at room temperature beryllium is by normal standards a brittle metal, exhibiting only about 2 to 4% tensile elongation. Mechanical deformation increases this by the development of preferred orientation, but only in the direction of working and at the expense of ductility in other directions. Ductility also increases very markedly at temperatures above about 300°C with alternative slip on the 1010 prismatic planes. In consequence, all mechanical working of beryllium is carried out at elevated temperatures. It has not yet been resolved whether the brittleness of beryllium is fundamental or results from small amounts of impurities. Beryllium is a very poor solvent for other metals and, to date, it has not been possible to overcome the brittleness problem by alloying. 

In the normal runs one irradiates the total volume over the leak. Provisions are also made for placing a collimating slit between the leak and the alpha source. The collimating slit was cut in a turret of 6-mm. diameter which screwed onto a leak-carrying cone provided with threads. The slit was elevated over the plane of the leak by unwinding the turret a certain number of revolutions. 

The calculations reveal one striking difference between Cu and Ag it is found that it requires only 4 kcal/mole for the Cu atoms to move into the plane of the surface Si atoms whereas for Ag this geometry is 53 kcal/mole higher than the ground state - even when the nearest Si atoms are allowed to move away from the noble metal atom. Thus, Cu is seen to penetrate fairly easily into the Si lattice whereas Ag stays above the surface. These theoretical findings are substantiated by thermal desorption and Auger spectroscopy measurements (48) showing that at elevated temperatures Ag desorbs into the gas phase whereas Cu remains in the solid phase. 

In ethylene poljmerizations by Ni(II)-based a-diimine catalysts, the aryl groups are roughly perpendicular to the coordination plane so the bulky substituaits on the aryls are positioned at the axial directions to retard associative chain transfer ructions [6,7]. At elevated temperatures, the aryl groups may freely rotate away firm the perpoidicular orientation, resulting in increased associative chain transfes and a resulting decrease in MW of the PE. In addition such free rotation makes the sfructote of the cationic active species more unstable, resulting in fast decrease of activity. 

We have applied FCS to the measurement of local temperature in a small area in solution under laser trapping conditions. The translational diffusion coefficient of a solute molecule is dependent on the temperature of the solution. The diffusion coefficient determined by FCS can provide the temperature in the small area. This method needs no contact of the solution and the extremely dilute concentration of dye does not disturb the sample. In addition, the FCS optical set-up allows spatial resolution less than 400 nm in a plane orthogonal to the optical axis. In the following, we will present the experimental set-up, principle of the measurement, and one of the applications of this method to the quantitative evaluation of temperature elevation accompanying optical tweezers. 

The geometry of the zwitterions with its exocylic out-of-plane methylene group was quasi-preserved in the recently reported dibenzodioxocine derivative (18) that was formed in rather small amounts by rapidly degrading the NMMO complex at elevated temperatures.45 Strictly speaking, dibenzodioxocine dimer 18 is actually not a dimer of ortho-quinone methide 3, but of its zwitterionic precursor or rotamer 3a (Fig. 6.17). As soon as the out-of-plane methylene group in this intermediate rotates into the ring plane, the o-QM 3 is formed irreversibly and the spiro dimer 9 results... 

Consider any two points on the plane. The difference in elevation between them is... 

The foregoing equations assume that the device is horizontal, i.e., that the pressure taps on the pipe are located in the same horizontal plane. If such is not the case, the equations can be easily modified to account for changes in elevation by replacing the pressure P at each point by the total potential = P + pgz. 

Figure 5.1 shows a schematic elevation through a kink on a screw dislocation in the diamond crystal structure. The black circles lie in the plane of the figure. The white ones lie in a plane in front of the figure, and the gray ones in a plane behind the figure. The straight lines represent electron pair bonds... 

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