Peak ac voltage

The typical design goals for the ripple voltage are about five to eight percent of the peak rectified input ac voltage for ac off-line converters and about 0.1 to 0.5 volts peak-to-peak in dc-dc converters. The value of the bulk input capacitor can be found by... 

In AC polarography [3], as shown in Fig. 5.14(a), AC voltage (AE sin cot) of, for example, 10 mV in peak-to-peak amplitude and 100 Hz in frequency is superimposed on the DC voltage (E c) and the sum is applied to the DME. Then, from the current that flows through the circuit, the AC component is sampled and recorded against the DC voltage, after being amplified, rectified and filtered. For re-... 

Rectification — is defined as the conversion of -> alternating current, AC, into pulsating -> direct current, DC, by any means other than the use of a motor-generator. That is, the AC is primarily converted by use of a -> rectifier into (unfiltered) unidirectional half-cycles. The percentage ratio of the DC output voltage to the peak AC input voltage of a certain rectifier device is called rectification efficiency. A circuit containing parallel -> capacitance, sometimes in combination with series inductance, is afterwards frequently applied as rectification filter in order to smooth the ripple in the DC current output. A combined device of rectifier and filter is called rectifier-filter system. 

The spark test equipment tests rubber linings for the presence of pin holes and it consists of a main or direct current (DC) operated generator or interrupter, to which a Tesla coil is added within a tuned circuit. The coil operates best at a fairly high frequency and is capable of generating a very high peak alternating current (AC) voltage. 

Freshly cleaved mica substrates (Spruce Pine Mica Co., Spruce, NC) were vacuum-coated with an approximately 500 A thick layer of gold at one end this served as the reference/counter electrode contact. In all experiments the tip was laterally positioned approximately 1 mm from the Au contact and the imaging process was operated in the constant current mode. In ac-admittance measurements, a small ac voltage (10 mV peak-to-peak amplitude, 10 kHz) was superimposed on the dc bias and the admittance was measured with a phase-sensitive detector. If not otherwise mentioned, the mica substrate was heated with one small drop (—10 /xL) of a phosphate... 

For velocity-modulation spectroscopy an ac voltage of 2 kV peak-to-peak and / = 1 kHz is applied along a discharge tube with 1 m length in the z-direction. 

Campbell et al. [4] employed the EA method to measure the internal electric fields set up by the contact potentials in a variety of metal/MEH-PPV/metal diodes. The EA spectrum of the diodes measured at a fixed AC voltage exhibit a peak at 2.1 eV. In order to extract the built-in potential, the energy of the probe beam was kept fixed (at 2.1 eV) and the EA signal monitored as a function of applied bias (Figure 19.7). Vbi coincides with the bias at which the EA signal (at the fundamental frequency) is null (Equation 19.49 and Equation 19.50). 

The resistances B, D, and E can be measured, and from these measuranents, the resistance and hence the conductance of the cell can be calculated. A small superimposed AC voltage ( 20 mV peak to peak) at 1000 Hz is best as a signal, because then faradaic polarization at the electrodes is minimized. The null detector may be a sensitive oscilloscope or a tuned amplifier and meter. Stirring is often used to minimize polarization. 

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