Electrothermal atomic absorption method

One of the main attractions of ICPMS lies with the lower detection limits attainable with mass spcclromct-ric detection than with optical detection. These limits in many cases equal and sometimes exceed those that can be realized by electrothermal atomic absorption methods. The ICPMS procedure, of course, offers the great advantages of speed and multielement capability. 

Kirschbaum BB, Schoolwerth AC (1989) Acute aluminum toxicity associated with oral citrate and aluminum containing antacids. Am J Med Sci 297 9-11 Kostyniak PJ (1983) An electrothermal atomic absorption method for aluminum analysis in plasma identification of sources of contamination in blood sampling procedures. J Anal Toxicol 7 20-23... 

COMPARISON OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS IN SOIL SAMPLES BY ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY AFTER PHASE SEPARATION-EXTRACTION... 

The development of methods using sorbents modified with analytical reagents that enable analytical signal measuring directly on the surface by solid-phase spectrometry, visually or by electrothermic atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS) after elution is now a subject of growing interest. 

Inadequate regulation of atomizer temperature Is a major source of Imprecision In electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The programmed heating of electrothermal atomizers can be achieved by five different methods, depending upon the electrical or physical parameters which are monltorled during... 

In Table I are listed comprehensive citations of published methods for analyses of trace metals In body fluids and other clinical specimens by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Readers are cautioned that many of the early methods that are cited In Table I have become outmoded, owing to Improvements In Instrumentation for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. All of the published methods need to be critically evaluated In the prospective analyst s laboratory before they can be confidently employed for diagnostic measurements of trace metals In body fluids. Despite these caveats, the author believes that Table I should be helpful as a guide to the growing literature on clinical and biological applications of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

P. Van Keerbergen, J. Smeyers-Verbeke and D.L. Massart, Decision support system for run suitability checking and explorative method validation in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom. inch Atomic Spectrom. Updates, 11 (2) (1996) 149-158. 

Brown SS, Nomoto S, Stoeppler M, Sunderman FW Jr (1981) lUPAC reference method for analysis of nickel in serum and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Clin Biochem 14 295-299. 

Principles and Characteristics Flame emission instruments are similar to flame absorption instruments, except that the flame is the excitation source. Many modem instruments are adaptable for either emission or absorption measurements. Graphite furnaces are in use as excitation sources for AES, giving rise to a technique called electrothermal atomisation atomic emission spectrometry (ETA AES) or graphite furnace atomic emission spectrometry (GFAES). In flame emission spectrometry, the same kind of interferences are encountered as in atomic absorption methods. As flame emission spectra are simple, interferences between overlapping lines occur only occasionally. 

Eaton AD, Clesceri LS, Greenberg AE. 1995c. Method 3113, Metals by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. 

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry with Zeeman background correction was used by Zhang et al. [141] for the determination of cadmium in seawater. Citric acid was used as an organic matrix modifier and was found to be more effective than EDTA or ascorbic acid. The organic matrix modifier reduced the interferences from salts and other trace metals and gave a linear calibration curve for cadmium at concentrations < 1.6 pg/1. The method has a limit of detection of 0.019 pg/1 of cadmium and recoveries of 95-105% at the 0.2 pg of cadmium level. 

Atomic absorption spectrometry has been used to determine caesium in seawater. The method uses preliminary chromatographic separation on a strong cation exchange resin, ammonium hexcyanocobalt ferrate, followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedure is convenient, versatile, and reliable, although decomposition products from the exchanger, namely iron and cobalt, can cause interference. 

In order to overcome the problem of the high nonspecific absorption, alternative procedures have been tested, which involve prior separation of the trace metals from the salt matrix. Examples of extraction of trace metals from seawater as chelates with subsequent determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric procedures have been described [381,382], but these and similar methods are seldom effective and satisfactory when the matrix is very complex and the analyte concentration very low. 

Bermejo-Barrera et al. [557] have described an electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method for the determination of silver at the ppb level in seawater. 

The elements covered are aluminium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, vanadium, and zinc. Electrothermal atomic absorption and anodic and cathodic scanning voltammetric methods are discussed. 

Zhe-Ming et al. [142] have described a method for the determination of down to lmg kgy1 of bismuth in river sediments by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with low temperature atomization in argon hydrogen (90 10). 

Other frequently used methods for determining fluoride include ion and gas chromatography [150,204,205] and aluminium monofluoride (AIF) molecular absorption spectrometry [206,207]. Less frequently employed methods include enzymatic [208], catalytic [209], polarographic [210] and voltammetric methods [211], helium microwave-induced [212] or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [213], electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry [214], inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry [215], radioactivation [216], proton-induced gamma emission [217], near-infrared spectroscopy [218] and neutron activation analysis [219]. 

J. C. Rodriguez-Garcia, J. Barciela-Garcia, C. Herrero-Latorre, S. Garcia-Martin and R. M. Pena-Crecente, Direct and combined methods for the determination of chromium, copper and nickel in honey by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53(17), 2005, 6616-6623. 

I. Arambarri, R. Garcia and E. Millan, Application of experimental design in a method for screening sediments for global determination of organic tin by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 371(7), 2001, 955-960. 

B. S. Iversen, A. Panayi, J. P. Camblor and E. Sabbioni, Simultaneous determination of cobalt and manganese in urine by electrothermal atomic absorption specttrometry. Method development using a simplex optimisation approach, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 11(8), 1996, 591-594. 

An A AS method is employed for the determination of lead (Pb) in a sample of adulterated paprika by the introduction of lead oxide (of the same colour). An electrothermal atomic absorption instrument that provides a background correction based upon the Zeeman effect is used. 

Table 22 HPLC Methods for Quantitating B12 Vitamers in Foods (C,g Columns Detection by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption)... 

Kimbrough and Wakakuwa [276,330] reported on an interlaboratory comparison study involving 160 accredited hazardous materials laboratories. Each laboratory performed a mineral acid digestion on five soils spiked with arsenic, cadmium, molybdenum, selenium and thallium. The instrumental detection methods used were inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. At most concentrations, the results obtained with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry... 

APHA. 1989b. Metals-Electrothermal absorption spectrometry, 3113B. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric method. In Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. 17th Edition. Washington, DC American Public Health Association, 3-36-3-43. 

Thomaidis, N.S., A.S. Stasinakis, and T.D. Lekkas. 2007. A screening method for the determination of toluene extractable organotins in water samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and rhenium as chemical modifier. Appl. Organometal. Chem. 21 425-433. 

Long, X., M. Miro, R. Jensen, and E.H. Hansen. 2006. Highly selective micro-sequential injection lab-on-valve (pSI-LOV) method for the determination of ultra-trace concentrations of nickel in saline matrices using detection by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386 739-748. 

Electrothermal atomic absorption analysis has developed significantly, complementary to flame atomic absorption, and present apparatus is easier to use and has greater performance than that available even three years ago. Reliable temperature-controlled heating of the furnace and furnace autosampling accessories will certainly assist.the technique quickly to assume a similar degree of instrumental maturity and enable electrothermal methods to attain their deserved place in modem trace and ultra-trace metal analysis. 

Total copper concentrations in aliquot samples of the titration solutions were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption using direct injection of the acidified (HNO3) sample into the graphite furnace. Standards were prepared at the same acid strength as the samples and copper values were obtained by the comparator method. Copper concentrations in filtered (Gelman A-E) Newport and Neuse waters were 0.011 pM and 0.025 pTI, respectively, and were well within analytical capability. Thus, no... 

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