Electrostatic particles

Principles and Characteristics Particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry (PIXE) is a high-energy ion beam analysis technique, which is often considered as a complement to XRF. PIXE analysis is typically carried out with a proton beam (proton-induced X-ray emission) and requires nuclear physics facilities such as a Van der Graaff accelerator, or otherwise a small electrostatic particle accelerator. As the highest sensitivity is obtained at rather low proton energies (2-4 MeV), recently, small and relatively inexpensive tandem accelerators have been developed for PIXE applications, which are commercially available. Compact cyclotrons are also often used. 

Electrostatic fluidized-bed coating, 7 55-56 Electrostatic forces, 9 569, 570 11 800 and adsorbent selectivity, 1 584 in adsorption, 1 583 in solvent-solute interactions, 23 91-92 Electrostatic particle forces, in depth filtration theory, 11 339 Electrostatic precipitators (ESP), 11 714 13 180 23 552 26 699-706 advantages of, 26 700 applications of, 26 701-703, 705t design considerations related to,... 

It is interesting to note from Table XV that all methods that have been used to obtain charge distribution data by means of measurements on collections of particles at atmospheric pressure involve a measure of electrostatic particle mobility. Other aspects of charging have only been obtained with those methods in which individual particles are evaluated. 

The secondary electroviscous effect is often interpreted in terms of an increase in the effective collision diameter of the particles due to electrostatic repulsive forces (i.e., the particles begin to feel the presence of other particles even at larger interparticle separations because of electrical double layer). A consequence of this is that the excluded volume is greater than that for uncharged particles, and the electrostatic particle-particle interactions in a flowing dispersion give an additional source of energy dissipation. 

The second step, the Interpretation in terms of -potentials and conductivities. requires theory. For non-dilute dispersions this implies consideration of hydrodynamic and electrostatic particle Interaction. James et al. l, working with poly(styrene) and poly(methyl methacrylate) latlces, alumina and silica sols confirmed that u obtained from ESA agreed with the (static) values, obtained mlcro-electrophoretlcally. if the theory by O Brien (see [4.3.45-481) was applied in the analysis. Marlow et al. already noted the same for dilute rutile dispersions their mobility (or Q curves as a function of pH agreed with those in flg. 3.63. 

The term ionizing wet scrubber was first used by the Ceilcote Co., located in Berea, Ohio, and has found wide application in the air pollution control field. This system is a proven means for the removal of pollutants from industrial process gas streams. The IWS combines the established principles of electrostatic particle charging, image force attraction, inertial impaction, and gas absorption to collect submicron solid particles, liquid particles, and noxious and malodorous gases simultaneously. The IWS system requires little energy and its collection efficiency is high for both submicron and micron size particles. 

Hughes, J.F. Electrostatic effects. In Electrostatic Particle Charging—Industrial and Health Care Applications John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York, 1997 30. 

H. Hwang, J.-J. Kim and J.-K. Park, Experimental investigation of electrostatic particle-particle interactions in optoelectronic tweezers, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 112(32), 9903-9908 (2008). 

Rapid bipolar pulsing of an electrostatic particle guide (EPG) permits selective elimination of xmwanted backgroimd peaks that would normally saturate the detector, thus enhancing the dynamic range of the detector. The EPG is an isolated wire electrode that spans the length of the flight tube. 

Figure 5 Components (not to scale) of a typical nuclear microprobe system (A) electrostatic particle accelerator (B) primary object aperture (C) secondary collimator (D) focusing system (E) scanning system (F) video camera and microscope (G) surface barrier detector for scattered particles (H) X-ray detector (I) specimen (J) surface barrier detector for transmitted particles (STIM) (K) front-end CAMAC with data bus (L) main computer and display with elemental map. (Reprinted with permission from Maenhaut W and Malmqvist KG (2001) Particle-induced X-ray emission analysis. In Van Grieken RE and Markowicz AA (eds.) Handbook of X-Ray Spectrometry, 2nd edn. Ch. 12, pp. 719-809. New York Dekker Marcel Dekker Inc.)...

The EMS can be applied to concentrated suspensions (>1 vol%) of particles above 50 nm and below 10 microns (Hunter 1998). Exact analytical models are available for solid concentrations below approximately 3 vol% and for thin double layers. Although there has been considerable progress in theoretical treatment of higher concentrated systems, empirical correction terms are usually used to account for the hydrodynamic and electrostatic particle-particle interactions. Depending on the quality of the data basis used for deriving these interpolating equations, very satisfactory results can be obtained (Knosche 2001 Babick et al. 2001). 

Colloidal gradients were prepared by successively exposing a surface to a colloidal suspension with known properties for a specific time interval. If the surface and the particles interact electrostatically, particles will start to adsorb and form an incomplete particle layer, the number adsorbed depending on the time for which the particles were allowed to adsorb. This process is sketched in Figure 2, which (a) shows the situation after short adsorption times and (b) represents the jamming limit of the monolayer (which is reached after a longer time interval, depending on particle concentration). 

The consumable anode, normally iron or aluminum, introduces metal ions that destabilize particles by neutralizing their charges, thereby reducing electrostatic particle repulsion. Generation of hydroxide species at a cathode leads to... 

Smeltzer EE, Weaver ML, Klinzing GE. Individual electrostatic particle interaction in pneumatic transport. Powder Tech 33(1) 31 2, 1982. 

Electrostatic Particles charged by electric High capture efficiency High capital cost and space... 

Barth N, Schilde C, Kwade A (2014) Influence of electrostatic particle interactions on the properties of particulate coatings of titanium dioxide. J Colloid Interface Sd 420 80-87... 

The intermolecular potential energy of a system is the sum of all dispersion and electrostatic particle-particle interactions. In the potential energy there will also be intramolecular terms, such as bonds, bond angles, and torsional interactions, discussed in Chapter 14. In what follows we focus on non-charged monoatomic systems. Consequently, the only term in the potential energy is the dispersion forces term. The results can be readily extended to molecular systems. 

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