Particle accelerators electrostatic generators

Some 50 cyclotrons are now in use in research labs throughout the world. One-half of these are in the USA. Cyclotrons are used to accelerate protons heavier particles. With higher energy than is available from electrostatic generators, it is possible... 

M. S. Livingstone, J. P. Blewett, Particle Accelerators, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962 M. H. Blewett, The Electrostatic (Van de Graafi) Generator, in Methods of Experimental Physics (Eds. L. C. L. Yuan, C. S. Wu), Vol. 5B, Academic Press, New York, 1963 P. M. Lapostolle, L. Septier, Linear Accelerators, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1970 A. P. Wolf, W. B. Jones, Cyclotrons for Biomedical Radioisotope Production, Radiochim. Acta 34, 1 (1983)... 

Rutherford s experiments opened the door to nuclear transmutations of all kinds. Atoms were bombarded by alpha particles, neutrons, protons, deuterons (iH), electrons, and so forth. Massive instruments were developed for accelerating these particles to very high speeds and energies to aid their penetration of the nucleus. The famous cyclotron was developed by E. O. Lawrence (1901-1958) at the University of California later instruments include the Van de Graaf electrostatic generator, the betatron, and the electron and proton synchrotrons. With these instruments many nuclear transmutations became possible. Equations for a few of these are as follows ... 

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