Electrospray ionization-mass food analysis

Paganga, G. et al.. The polyphenolic content of fruit and vegetables and their antioxidant activities what does a serving constitute Free Radical Res., 30, 153, 1999. Maatta, K.R. et al.. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of phenolic compounds in berries with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) detection Rihes species, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 6736, 2003. 

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) either as a stand-alone technique, or following an analytical separation step like CE, to study and measure a wide variety of compounds in complex samples such us foods (Simo et al. 2005). ESI provides an effective means for ionising from large (e.g., proteins, peptides, carbohydrates) to small (e.g., amino acids, amines) analytes directly from solution prior to their MS analysis without a previous derivatization step. Santos et al. (2004) proposed the use of CE-ESI-MS for the separation and quantification of nine biogenic amines in white and red wines. More recently, the possibilities of two different CE-MS set-ups, namely, capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry (CE-IT-MS) and capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-time of flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOE-MS) to analyze directly biogenic amines in wine samples without any previous treatment has been studied (Simo et al. 2008). 

Lin, J.T., and Arcinas, A., Regiospecific analysis of diricinoleoylacylglycerols in castor (Ricinus communis L.) oil by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 2209-2216, 2007. 

Luosujarvi L, Kanerva S, Saarela V, Franssila S, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T, Kauppila TJ (2010) Environmental and food analysis by desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24 1343-1350 Manicke NE, Kistler T, Ifa DR, Cooks RG, Ouyang Z (2009) High-throughput quantitative analysis by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20 321-325 Martynov IL, Karavanskii VA, Kotkovskii GE, Kuzishchin YA, Tsybin AS, Chistyakov AA (2011) Ion mobility spectrometer with ion source based on laser-irradiated porous silicon. Tech Phys Lett 37 15-18... 

Pierce SE, Bell RL, Hellberg RS, Cheng CM, Chen KS, Williams-Hill DM, Martin WB, Allard MW. Detection and identification of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Shigella spp. via PCR-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry isolate testing and analysis of food samples. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012 78 8403-11. 

Nielen MWF, Hooijerink H, Zomer P, et al. Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the analysis of chemical food contaminants in food. Trends Anal Chem. 

Huang, S.-B. et al.. Direct aqueous injection liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis of water for atrazine, simazine, and their chlorotriazine metabolites, /. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 713, 2006. 

Gerbig, S. and Takats, Z. (2010) Analysis of triglycerides in food items by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 24, 2186-2192. 

Contemporary confirmatory methods use MS. Most recently, liqrud chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (LC-EIS-MS) has been reported for the analysis of 10 anticoagulant rodenticides with a quantity limit of about 5 pg/L (Grobosch et al., 2006). Other recent methods use LC-MS-MS for unknown drugs, including warfarin (Marquet et al., 2003), and LC-ESTMS and HPLC UV to detect anticoagulant rodenticides as low as 20 ng on a column (Mesmer and Flurer, 2000). One of the earlier MS methods used a direct-probe technique to detect indandione residues in food animals (Braselton et al., 1992). 

Liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) was introduced in the 1980s [1]. Today it has become a standard method for separation and characterization of nonvolatile compounds. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled to ESI-MS is the method of choice for peptide and protein analysis, but also used for the characterization of contaminants, therapeutic drugs, and food additives [2-5], More than 75% of HPLC analyses are run on RP stationary phases, and a wide range of columns are available with various substituents of the silica matrix, base deactivation, endcapping, and column dimensions. 

K Gartenmann, S Kochhar. Short-chain peptide analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometer after derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate. J Agric Food Chem 47 5068-5071, 1999. 

Figure 4.4 LC-ICP-MS analysis of alkyl phosphonic acids in food and beverage matrices [24]. Reprinted from Kubachka, K.M., Richardson, D.D., Heitkemper, D.T., Caruso, J.A., Detection of chemical warfare agent degradation products in foods using liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Journal of Chromatography A, 2008, 1202, (2), 124-131, with permission from Elsevier...

Bartke, N., Fischbeck, A., Humpf, H. U. (2006). Analysis of sphingolipids in potatoes Solanum tuberosum L.) and sweet potatoes Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESl-MS/MS). Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 50,1201-1211. 

Manners GD, Breksa AP III, Schoch TK, Hidalgo MB. Analysis of bitter limonoids in citrus juices by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2003 51(13) 3709-3714. 

Riediker, S., J.M. Diserens, and R.H. Stadler. 2001. Analysis of P-lactam antibiotics in incurred raw milk by rapid test methods and liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49 4171—4176. 

Hou W, Watters JW, McLeod HL (2004) Simple and rapid docetaxel assay in human plasma by protein precipitation and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B 804 263-267 Schuhmacher J, Zimmer D, Tesche F, Pickard V (2003) Matrix effects during analysis of plasma samples by electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry practical approaches to their elimination. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 17 1950-1957 Shah PW (2001) Guidance for Industry Bioanalytical Method Validation U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration... 

Cooper, H. J., Marshall, A. G. (2001). Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Mass Spectro-metric Analysis of Wine. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 5710-5718. 

Ito, Y. Ikai, Y. Oka, H. Matsumoto, H. Miyazaki, Y. Takeha, K. Nagase, H. Application of ion-exchange cartridge clean-up in food analysis. IV. Confirmatory assay of benzylpenicilhn, phenoxymethylpeniciUin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin and dicloxacilhn in bovine tissues by hquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr., A 2001, 911, 217-223. 

The detection and identification of phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, have also been simph-fied using mass spectrometry (MS) techniques on-hne, coupled to the HPLC equipment. The electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interfaces dominate the analysis of phenohcs in herbs, fmits, vegetables, peels, seeds, and other plants. In some cases, HPLC, with different sensitivity detectors (UV, electrochemical, fluorescence), and HPLC-MS are simultaneously used for the identification and determination of phenolic acids in natural plants and related food products.In some papers, other spectroscopic instmmental techniques (IR, H NMR, and C NMR) have also been apphed for the identification of isolated phenolic compounds. 

Corn-based foods followed by fumonisin B2 (FB2).The problems and risks associated with fumonisin contamination have resulted in the development of precise, reliable and sensitive methods for its determination in corn and corn-based foods (Magan Olsen, 2004, as cited in Silva et al., 2009). Therefore, the quality parameters in the analysis of FBI and FB2 in corn-based products obtained with LC with fluorescence detector have been investigated (Silva et al, 2009). Furthermore, a comparison study between fluorescence detector (FD), mass spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyzer using an electrospray ionization interface for the determination of fumonisin B1 and B2 in corn-based products has been performed. A comparative study of the three LC detectors, FD, single quadrupole, QqQ for the analysis of fumonisins in corn samples has been performed. The response achieved by the three detectors was sensitive enough to study the maximum contents established by the EU legislation. These LC detectors would be appropriate for quantification purposes but the acquisition of at least two transitions achieved with QqQ provided a univocal identification. 

The advent of electrospray ionization certainly opened many new application areas for mass spec-trometric analysis. This is based on the ability to provide extreme soft liquid-based ionization. Perhaps the most important application area is the analysis of peptides and proteins. The possibility to perform rapid molecular-weight determination of proteins up to 200 kDa stimulated the commercial availability of MS instrumentation featuring atmospheric-pressure ion sources, equipped with electrospray ionization. Other application areas benefited from these developments. LC-MS has become an important analytical tool in many areas of drug development within the pharmaceutical industry, in the study of natural products in plants, in food and environmental analysis. It is about to enter the clinical application area for therapeutic drug monitoring, systematic toxicological analysis, and monitoring of inherited metabolic diseases. 

---