Electronic Nose Technologies

Magan, N., Evans, P. (2000) Volatiles as an indicator of fungal activity and differentiation between species, and the potential use of electronic nose technology for early detection of grain spoilage. J. Stored Prod. Res. 36 319-340. 

Young, H., Rossiter, K., Wang, M., Miller, M. (1999) Characterization of Royal Gala apple aroma using electronic nose technology potential matirrity indicator. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47 5173-5177. 

T.C. Pearce, S.S. Schiffman, T.H. Nagle and J.W. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of Machine Olfaction—Electronic Nose Technology, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. 

Electronic nose technology relies on the use of solid-state sensors, which can either be chemoresistors, chemodiodes, or electrodes. Primary odors are... 

Electronic nose technology and analysis of volatiles has long been apphed in the food industry to control the quahty of food products and to determine shelf hves. For example, sensor arrays based on different Sn02 gas sensors can be used to distingiush milk products of different rancidity levels [41]. Standard microbial test prediction of shelf hfe of milk products has a low level of reliability due to relatively poor correlation between microbial counts and actual shelf hfe. Several alternative methods have therefore been developed. One method is based on dynamic headspace capillary gas chromatography analyses of volatiles in mUk followed by MDA analyses. [42]. Principals of this method were later used for development of a faster and simpler test, where the extraction was performed by the SPME technique, the extracts... 

Magan, N. 2001. Use of electronic nose technology for detection of contamination in food. New Food... 

A discussion now follows that attempts to summarise the different ways in which electronic nose technology is moving towards this goal and some of the limitations of the methods chosen. 

This book examines both the potential application of electronic nose technology, and the current state of development of chemical sensors for the detection of vapours from explosives, such as those used in landmines. The two fields have developed, somewhat in parallel, over the past decade and so one of the purposes of this workshop, on which the book is based, was to bring together scientists from the two fields in order to challenge the two communities and, mutually, stimulate both fields. 

The first chapter reviews the basic principles of an electronic nose and explores possible ways in which the detection limit of conventional electronic nose technology can be reduced to the level required for the trace levels observed for many explosive materials. 

Pearce, T.C., Sanchez-Montanes, M.A. Chemical Sensor Array Optimization Geometric and Theoretical Approaches. In Handbook of Machine Olfaction Electronic Nose Technology. In Pearce, T.C., Schiffman, S.S., Nagle, H.T., Gardner, J.W. (eds.) Handbook of Machine Olfaction Electronic Nose Technology, pp. 347-375. Wiley-VCH (2003)... 

Waite and Munchmeyer [31] have described the analysis of alcoholic beverages by electronic nose technology. A selective enrichment procedure was performed prior to detection as this allows better correlation to human taste. A major problem with electronic noses is the drift in the signals. To compensate for this, a zero gas and a differential measuring technique were used. Another problem is that the composition of the headspace is monitored rather than the sample itself. The concentration... 

British and Italian researchers have reported on the use of an electronic nose for the detection of moulds in libraries and archives [38], The aim was to ascertain whether the device could be suitable for detecting mould activity on paper. It was fonnd that it was possible to discriminate in vitro between affected and unaffected (by mould) paper samples at both 100% and 75% relative humidity by measuring the odor hngerprint. Three different species of actively growing fungi were detected and cluster analysis allowed differentiation between specific species. However, PCA indicated that only samples analyzed at 100% RH could be separated, suggesting that further research is required before electronic nose technology could be applied. 

Canhato O. and Magan N., Electronic nose technology for the detection of microbial and chemical contamination of potable water, Sens. Actuators B, 106(1), 3, 2005. 

Electronic nose technology is relatively new and holds great promise as a detection tool in food safety area because it is portable, rapid and has potential applicability in foodbome pathogen identification or detection. On the basis of the work described above, we have demonstrated that the E-nose integrated with chemometrics can be used to identify pathogen bacteria at genus, species and strains levels. 

Pavlou A, Turner A, Magan N, 2002a. Recognition of anaerobic bacterial isolates in vitro using electronic nose technology. Lett Appl Microbiol 35, 366-9. 

Yu Y. X., Liu Y., Sun X. H., Pan Y. J., Zhao Y., 2010a. Recognition of Three Pathogens Using Electronic Nose Technology. Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators 23,10-3. 

Valous, N. A. Mendoza, F. Sun, D.W. (2010). Emerging non-contact imaging, spectroscopic and colorimetric technologies for quality evaluation and control of hams a review. Trends in Food Science Technology Vol.21, pp. 26-43 Williams, P. C. Sobering, D. (1996). Haw do we do it A brief summary of the methods we use in developing near infrared calibrations. In A. M. C. Davies P. C. Williams (Eds.), Near infrared spectroscopy the future waves (pp. 185-188). Chichester NIR Publications Wilson, A. D. Baietto, M. (2009). Applications and advances in electronic-nose technologies. Sensors Vol.9, pp. 5099-5148... 

Wilson, A. D. and Baietto, M. (2009) Apphcations and Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies. Sensors 9,5099-148. 

In some ways, this is the same requirement faced when developing electronic nose technology. Sensor-based electronic noses are based upon an array of non-specific gas sensors coupled with a pattern recognition technique (Gardner and Bartlett, 1999 Pearce et al, 2003). Electronic noses tend to be large, expensive instruments. For example, the Fox 4000 electronic nose (Alpha MOS, France) comprises 18 power-hungry Taguchi-like metal oxide resistive gas sensors (see Fig. 15.11). 

Pearce, T., Schiffman, S. S., Nagle, H. T. and Gardner, J. W. (2003) Handbook of Machine Olfaction Electronic Nose Technology, Weinheim, Wiley VCH. 

A.D. Wilson, M. Baietto, Applications and advances in electronic-nose technologies. Sensors 9, 5099-5148 (2009). doi 10.3390/s90705099... 

J. Tiihaas, P.V. Nielsen, Electronic nose technology in quality assessment Monitoring the ripening process of Danish blue cheese. J. Food Sci. 70, E44-E49 (2005)... 

These electronic noses are for specific purposes and there is presently no universal nose that can solve all odour sensing problems. There is thus a need to develop specific electronic nose technology appropriate for the application. This means developing sensors, materials and appropriate pattern-recognition methods. There is thus a wide scope for the development of an artificial nose, based on conducting polymers, that can mimic the human nose. 

P.R., Woodman, A.C. (2006) Prospects for clinical application of electronic-nose technology to early detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in culture and Journal... 

Wilson AD, Baietto M (2011) Advances in electronic-nose technologies developed for biomedical applications. Sensors 11 1105-1176... 

Pierce TC, Schiffma SS, Nagle HT, Gardner JW (eds) (2003) Handbook of machine olfaction electronic nose technology. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim... 

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