Detection Tools

Kiefner, J. F., Hyatt, R. W. and Eiber, R. J., Metal Loss, Crack Detection Tools Targeted , ibid., 69-71, 24 April (1989)... 

B. Walczak and D.L. Massart, Robust PCR as outliers detection tool. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 27 (1995) 41-54. 

Also, NIRS detection in reflectance mode can be used for TLC [762]. The main reason for studying the applicability of NIRS as an in situ detection tool in TLC is that adsorbents such as silica gel have no strong absorption in the NIR region background... 

However, since the second half of the eighties, practically no more phosphorescence appears, at least in the analytical literature for quantitative estimations, being nearly completely substituted by sophisticated fluorescence and laser-induced fluorescence methods, mostly applied as detection tools in diverse flowing streams. 

The use of biolc c indicators as an early detection system for severe air pollution episodes or for chronic air pollution problems is of interest to many urban and industrial control officials. Plants served as air pollution detection sterns long before pollution was acknowledged a problem by industry or government. Higher plants serve as useful detection tools, because they develop characteristic symptoms from acute exposure, even though the symptoms are not necessarily specific to cause. Cause and effect can be reliably ascertained, when an air pollution source is identified and symptom patterns are identified within given sensitive species. 

One other important consideration in constructing a library is checking that all spectra are correct. This can be done by visual inspection of the spectra and outlier detection tools. For various reasons (e.g. an inadequately filled cuvette, large temperature fluctuations), spectra may differ from others due to factors other than natural variability. Any such spectra should be excluded from the library. Spectral libraries are... 

In spite of recent advances in detector technology, metal detectors, mine probes, and canines remain as the most widely utilized mine detection tools. All of these methods have been utilized with some success, but all have limitations. For example, metal detectors must be operated at extremely high gain settings to obtain adequate sensitivity to detect low-metal-content mines. This is an issue because minefields are often littered with metallic objects (e.g., fragments from exploded munitions). Hence, false alarms are common, limiting the utility... 

Excel offers tools to support validation and documentation approaches (e.g., the cross-references of cells could be visualized by the detective tool under Extras , Detective ). Several options are available. Figure 18.5 illustrates the importance of this tool. The data set that is used for the validation gave the same... 

Figure 18.5. Using the detective tool of Excel to assist validation.

In addition to the thermodynamic and kinetic models shown above, which use parameters such as temperature, pressure, and carbon content, three initial detection tools enable initial estimates of hydrates in an ocean geologic setting ... 

Imagine a room full of people. Now imagine you want to find the one(s) named Bill. If there was no way to easily identify the Bills, the process would become significantly laborious. However, if you called out and asked all those named Bill to please raise their hands, the task of identification becomes easy. The helium leak detector has the ability to isolate and count the helium atoms from a vacuum system full of many other atoms and molecules. In reality, the helium leak detector is nothing more than a customized mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer was developed in the 1920s, but became a leak detection tool in the 1940s when the need for ultra-vacuum systems became critical on the Manhattan project. ... 

Gel electrophoresis (GE) is a common separation technique in protein analysis and it has also been used for the speciation of metals bound to proteins [86]. In most applications, metals have been detected by autoradiography, limiting the studies to those elements for which a relatively stable radionuclide exists [87]. As an example, 75Se radiotracer allowed Se to be detected after two-dimensional GE (2-DE) separation [88]. Owing to the high sensitivity and isotopic capability of ICP-MS, this technique has been proposed as the detection tool of choice for elements in gel. The efbcient transport of the sample from the protein spot on gel to plasma has been achieved by laser ablation (LA) [89, 90] and electrothermal (ET) atomization [62, 91] techniques. The... 

Conductivity detection performed with a contactless conductivity detector through the packed bed was shown to be a more versatile and sensitive method than indirect UV detection [77]. Chen et al. employed inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) as a detection tool for the simultaneous analysis of various ionic species of arsenic, chromium, and selenium [79]. The separation was achieved on an OT CEC column prepared by bonding a macrocyclic polyamine medium on the walls of the capillary. 

Recently, some more advanced methods have been reported that integrate the disparate features used for the characterization of functional binding sites. It can be expected that the cooperative effect of using all the information available will greatly enhance the reliability of binding site prediction and detection tools. 

The one-base extension method [73], rolling circle amplification (RCA) method [74]and Taqman PCR method [75], have been applied to SNP detection. Also a DNA chip which anchored oligonucleotide on the substrate has been developed as a simple hybridization detection tool [76-82], For SNP detection, it is not easy to determine the difference of one base mismatch with this hybridization detection method due to unstable hybridization between probe and SNP and nonspecific adsorption. 

DMI resistance may be governed by different resistance mechanisms co-existing in the same isolate. Molecular detection tools can help to find low frequencies of mutated individuals in populations. However, since resistance to DMIs may be a combined effect of several mechanisms, the molecular results have to be treated with care and bioassays may be always needed for verification. 

P. vitcola and many other oomycetes are wide-spread in field populations, and fluctuate in frequency over years and within seasons but are in a dynamic equilibrium with sensitive isolates in many areas [55]. Inheritance of resistance was demonstrated to be monogenic with the participation of minor genes [56]. Biochemical studies (incorporation of radiolabeled uridine) suggested that a change of RNA polymerase I is responsible for resistance [54], However, only recently sequence data for polymerase subunits became available in P. infestans [57] but molecular detection tools have not yet been developed. 

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