Electron under reduced volume

Lanthanide and actinide electron structure under reduced volume... 

In summary, the high-pressure data on DyAl2 confirm well the behavior expected for localized f electron magnetism with dominating orbital contribution The hyperfine field (magnetic moment on Dy ) is only very weakly dependent on volume while the magnetic ordering temperature rises markedly under reduced volume. 

The work function of the rubbing surfaces and the electron affinity of additives are interconnected on the molecular level. This mechanism has been discussed in terms of tribopolymerization models as a general approach to boundary lubrication (Kajdas 1994, 2001). To evaluate the validity of the anion-radical mechanism, two metal systems were investigated, a hard steel ball on a softer steel plate and a hard ball on an aluminum plate. Both metal plates emit electrons under friction, but aluminum produced more exoelectrons than steel. With aluminum, the addition of 1% styrene to the hexadecane lubricating fluid reduced the wear volume of the plate by over 65%. This effect considerably predominates that of steel on steel. Friction initiates polymerization of styrene, and this polymer formation was proven. It was also found that lauryl methacrylate, diallyl phthalate, and vinyl acetate reduced wear in an aluminum pin-on-disc test by 60-80% (Kajdas 1994). 

As shall be discussed in sections 4 and 5, the change in electronic structure properties under the application of external pressure gives important information. It may lead to novel phenomena and in addition the volume dependence is a crucial parameter in testing theoretical models. For example, certain intermetallics may be driven from a localized to an itinerant magnetic state with reduced volume. Mdssbauer spectroscopy is well suited for such studies. 

Semiconductors. Phosphine is commonly used in the electronics industry as an -type dopant for siUcon semiconductors (6), and to a lesser extent for the preparation of gaUium—indium—phosphide devices (7). For these end uses, high purity, electronic-grade phosphine is required normally >99.999% pure. The main impurities that occur in phosphine manufactured by the acid process are nitrogen [7727-37-9] hydrogen [1333-74-0] arsine [7784-42-17, carbon dioxide [124-38-9], oxygen [7782-44-7], methane [74-82-8], carbon monoxide [630-08-0], and water [7732-42-1]. Phosphine is purified by distillation under pressure to reduce the level of these compounds to <1 ppm by volume. The final product is sold as CYPURE (Cytec Canada Inc.) phosphine. 

At the other extreme, with materials of specific surface area above 500 m2 g 1 one must be careful not to reduce the mass of sample by too much it must remain representative of the batch of adsorbent and it must be weighed with an accuracy consistent with the accuracy provided by the adsorption measurement. For these two reasons, it is usually unwise to use a sample mass under, say, 50 mg. If the full adsorption-desorption isotherm is to be determined, one can be limited by the capacity of adsorptive reservoir or dosing volume or by the automatic control range of the electronic microbalance (typically, between 50 and 100 mg with sensitivity >1 pg). It therefore often happens that the measurement of one isotherm cannot provide the best determination of the specific surface area and at the same time the best determination of the full adsorption-desorption isotherm. 

We may compare results presented here with those obtained in two types of inductively coupled reactors [, 3]. One is the reactor we have used for many years [4], in which the portion of the reactor inserted into the r.f. coil is smaller than the main portion of the reactor, in which plasma polymer is collected. Monomer flux is directed into the main portion of the reactor, not through the r.f. coil. Electron bombardment of plasma polymer and substrate is reduced in this way [ ]. Active species are formed mainly under the r.f. coll and are transported by diffusion to the entire volume of the reactor. Interaction of these non-polymerizable energy carrying species (e.g. electrons, excited atoms) with the monomer entering the reactor leads to plasma polymerization [ ]. 

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