Electron beam irradiation method

Lin, X., Zhou, R., Zhang, J., and S. Fei. 2009b. A novel one-step electron beam irradiation method for synthesis of Ag/CujO nanocomposites. Applied Surface Science 256 889-893. 

Electron beam irradiation is an alternate method to prepare poly(aniline) (PANI) nanocomposite stable at ambient conditions. Ramaprasad et al. [89] synthesized the chitin-polyaniline nanocomposite by electron beam irradiation method (Fig. 3.15). The blends of chitin and PANI with PANI 30, 50, and 70 % (30P, 50P, and 70P) were prepared by mixing 0.5 % (wt%) chitin solution and 0.5 % (wt%) EB solution in DMA with 5 % LiCl in required proportions and irradiated with... 

The large size of CPOs allows their direct observation. For this purpose, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is the best method [32,34]. Electron microscopic analysis is used for phthalocyanine 3 and its derivatives however, most of the porphyrin derivatives are decomposed by electron beam irradiation. Presently, although only a limited number of researchers are able to perform atomic-scale resolution measurement, this powerful analytical method is expected to be used widely in the future. The author reported a summary of STM studies on porphyrins elsewhere [34]. 

The irradiating X-ray beam cannot be focussed upon and scanned across the specimen surface as is possible with an electron beam. Practical methods of small-spot XPS imaging rely on restriction of the source size or the analysed area. By using a focussing crystal monochromator for the X-rays, beam sizes of less than 10 pm may be achieved. This must in turn correspond with the acceptance area and alignment on the sample of the electron spectrometer, which involves the use of an electron lens of low aberration. The practically achievable spatial resolution is rarely better than 100 pm. A spatial resolution value of 200 pm might be regarded as typical, and it must also be remembered that areas of up to several millimetres in diameter can readily be analysed. 

To avoid this problem, Wills and Boyd have applied a semi-empirical method [18]. They used relative cross sections for 100 eV electrons and calculated the yields for the various processes based on the ff -values. This method is rather simple and contains many assumptions nevertheless, the results are a good indication for radiation chemists to provide a specific amount of initial species. The following equations [19] show the amounts of initial species from the main components of flue gas with electron beam irradiation based on the data listed in Ref. 18. 

The flue gas from municipal waste incinerator boilers contains SO2, and HCl. To remove these harmful components simultaneously by dry process, electron beam treatment method was investigated. The pilot-scale test was conducted in Matsudo, Japan, in 1992 with a flue gas of 1000 m /hr [34]. Recently, dioxins, namely, poly-chlorinated-di-benzo-paradioxins (PCDDs) and poly-chrorinated-di-benzo-furan (PCDFs), from incinerators have become a very serious problem because of their high toxicity. Pilot-scale tests to decompose dioxins by electron beam irradiation were conducted in Karlsruhe, Germany [35], and in Takahama, Japan [36], using almost the same capacity of flue gas, 1000 m /hr. Very promising results were obtained with decomposing more than 90% of dioxins. 

Normally, the last UV unit should ensure an adequately thorough cure. This may be a problem for thick layers, particularly if they are pigmented. In such cases electron beam irradiation would be the preferred curing method. ... 

Electron beam irradiation is one of the methods of cross-linking in fhis process. The other methods use peroxide, multifunctional azide, or an organofunctional silane. Polyethylene resins respond to electron beam irradiation well since the rate of cross-linking exceeds significanfly fhe chain scission. Polypropylene (PP) is prone to P-cleavage, which makes if difficult to cross-link by a free radical process. For fhaf reason, PP resins... 

The main characteristics of the various titanium oxide catalysts used in this chapter are summarized in Table 1. Titanium oxide thin film photocatalysts were prepared using an ionized cluster beam (ICB) deposition method [13-16]. In ICB deposition method, the titanium metal target was heated to 2200 K in a crucible and Ti vapor was introduced into the high vacuum chamber to produce Ti clusters. These clusters then reacted with O2 in die chamber and stoichiometric titanium oxide clusters were formed. Tlie ionized titanium oxide clusters formed by electron beam irradiation were accelerated by a high electric field and bombarded onto the glass substrate to form titanium oxide thin films. 

We attempted to use this increase in refractive index in fabricating polyimide optical waveguides. The fabrication of a fluorinated polyimide waveguide by the direct electron beam writing method is described in Section 4.3.2. We also investigated the changes in the refractive index of fluorinated polyimide films by synchrotron radiation. 7 The refractive index at a wavelength of 589.6 nm increased by 1.3% and the thickness decreased by 0.69% for fluorinated polyimide film after 30 min of synchrotron irradiation. From the XPS data the synchrotron radiation leads to production of a fluorine-poor surface. 

The refractive index of fluorinated polyimide can be controlled precisely by adjusting the election beam irradiation dose as described in Section 3.2.2, and this feature can be exploited in fabricating polyimide optical waveguides. This section describes fluorinated polyimide waveguides fabricated by the direct electron beam writing method. ... 

This technique, usually referred to as the PEA method, was originally devised by Maeno, Takada and co-workers (Takada Sakai, 1983 and Maeno et al., 1989) in order to study the way in which space charge develops near electrodes in a solid polymer under the application of a high voltage and deposits during electron beam irradiation. 

The focus of this review will be the effects of so-called ionizing radiation, namely gamma and electron-beam irradiation, on polymers. We will not consider, for example, the effects of UV radiation on materials, although this is an important method in the field of radiation grafting. - ... 

---