Irradiation methods

The double irradiation method involving the mutual method of grafting of vinyl monomers onto preirradiated polymer recently used by Kaur et al. [85]. 

Figure 10.5 The block diagram of the apparatus for the computer-assisted- irradiation method.

Harada H (2001) Isolation of hydrogen from water and/or artificial seawater by sonophoto-catalysis using alternating irradiation method. Int J Hydrogen Energy 26(4) 303-307... 

In relation to the reducing agent, hydrogen gas, metal hydrides, and irradiation methods are the most investigated approaches used to produce metal NPs in ILs. 

The lack of stereospecificity in equation (72) (as compared to equations (70) and (71)) is readily accommodated by the long lifetime of the triplet ion pair produced by the sensitized irradiation method. The latter allows the facile ring opening of DBC+ cation radical followed by isomerization of the resulting xylylene cation radical, i.e.,... 

While there have been very few intercalibration studies done between the various kinds of methods, the few available comparisons suggest that both the ultraviolet irradiation method and the various total combustion methods... 

H. Harada (2001)Isolation of hydrogen from water and for artificial seawater by sono-photocatalysis using alternating irradiation method Int J. Hydrogen Energy, 26 3003-2007... 

Toshima et al. obtained colloidal dispersions of platinum by hydrogen- and photo-reduction of chloroplatinic acid in an aqueous solution in the presence of various types of surfactants such as dodecyltrimethylammonium (DTAC) and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) [60]. The nanoparticles produced by hydrogen reduction are bigger and more widely distributed in size than those resulting from the photo-irradiation method. Hydrogenation of vinylacetate was chosen as a catalytic reaction to test the activity of these surfactant-stabilized colloids. The reaction was performed in water under atmospheric pressure of hydrogen at 30 °C. The photo-reduced colloidal platinum catalysts proved to be best in terms of activity, a fact explained by their higher surface area as a consequence of their smaller size. 

Johansson, S. Pettersson and S. Folestad, Characterization of different laser irradiation methods for quantitative Raman tablet assessment, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 39, 510-516 (2005). 

Use of double-irradiation methods for the exploration of cross-relaxation phenomena. 

Shen M, Du YK, Rong HL, Li JR, Jiang L (2005) Preparation of hydrophobic gold nanoparticles with safe organic solvents by microwave irradiation method. Colloids Surf A 257-258 439-443... 

Preparation methods of vesicles have been known and employed for various purposes the ultrasonic irradiation method, and the injection method, for example. In addition to them. there has appeared a novel method, which consists of solubilizing phospholipids in surfactant solution, and subsequently removing the surfactant by... 

Araki et al. (117) have described a so-called dry-state grafting procedure in which the cellulose is boiled with water and then the water is replaced by various alcohols, also by boiling. The cellulose was then dried and grafted with styrene using both mutual and pre-irradiation methods. The treatment was effective with cotton but only to a small extent with rayon fibers. The order of effectiveness of the solvents used was butanol as the most effective and methanol, water, higher alcohols and ketones as considerably less effective. This is a different order from... 

Armstrong, and Rutherford have reported extensive studies on the vapor phase grafting of vinyl monomers to cellulosic fibers both mutual and pre-irradiation methods have been used (97, 120). Again, water or another swelling agent was found to be necessary for effective grafting to rayon and cotton for all the monomers studied. In the case of cellulose acetate water was helpful but not necessary except for styrene. Acetic acid and methanol vapors were also found to be effective promotors of vapor phase grafting to cotton and cellulose acetate fibers. 

Fig. 12.12 Isolation of H2 and 02 by sonophotocatalytic reaction using alternating irradiation method.

Another label-free optical detection method—FTIR-ATR—has been applied for detection of thrombin by means of DNA aptamers [73], The antithrombin DNA aptamer previously developed by Tasset et al. [17] was immobilized covalently onto Si surface using UV irradiation method. As a quantitative measure, the area of N-H and CH2 bands was used. This method allowed to detect thrombin with a sensitivity around 10 nmol/L. The specificity of binding of protein to aptamer was also investigated using DNA with no binding site for thrombin. It has been noted that for effective binding study by FTIR-ATR method, the concentration of protein should be kept lower than 100 nmol/L. 

Table 7. Grafting of styrene onto cellulose by mutual irradiation method. (Cellulose High tenacity rayon (P v = 293) Monomer mixture Styr. MeOH H20 = 20 72 8 polymerization = 50 °C in vacuum, 20 hr (2 x 10s rad)]...

---