Polymers electromechanical properties

One single property of filler - electric conductivity - affects many properties of the final products. These properties include electric insulation, conductivity, superconductivity, EMI shielding, ESD protection, dirt pickup, static decay, antistatic properties, electrocatafysis, ionic conductivity, photoconductivity, electromechanical properties, thermo-electric conductivity, electric heating, paintability, biocompati-bilify, etc. Possession of one of these properties in a polymer can make it useful in industiy and eveiyday use. Examples are given in Chapter 19. Here, the electrical... 

Gao Q, Scheinbeim JI, Newman BA (2000) Dipolar intermolecular interactions, structural development, and electromechanical properties in ferroelectric polymer blends of nylon-11 and poly(vinylidene fluoride). Macromolecules 33 7564... 

Carpi F, DeRossi D, Kombluh R, Pelrine R, Somer-Larsen P (2008) Dielectric elastomers as electromechanical transducers, fundamentals, materials, devices, models and applications of an emerging electroactive polymer technology. Elsevier Press, Amsterdam Chapter 7 Benslimane M, Kiil H-E, Tryson MJ (2010) Electromechanical properties of novel large strain PolyPower film and laminate components for DEAP actuator and sensor applications. Proc SPIE 7642 764231... 

Kim, O., Kim, S.Y., Park, B., Hwang, W., Park, M.J., 2014. Factors affecting electromechanical properties of ionic polymer acmators based on ionic liquid-containing sulfonated block copolymers. Macromolecules 47,4357—4368. 

R Strtimpler, G Maidorn, A Garbin, L Ritzer and F Greater, Electromechanical properties of conductive epoxy composites , Polym Polym Compos 1996 45 299. 

Cole, D. R, A. L. M. Reddy, M. G. Hahm et al. 2014. Electromechanical properties of polymer electrolyte-based stretchable snpeicapacitors. Advanced Energy Materials 4 1300844. 

Pron et al. proposed an alternate way to regioregular ECPs in order to obtain PANIs with high molecular order [285] the use of plastid2ers (e.g., octyl phtalate) results in polymers with high conductivity values (with a metallic behavior) and noticeably improved electromechanical properties. 

TABLE 16.2 Comparison between Two Mechanical Properties of Different Actuating Materials Skeletal Muscles, Thermomechanical (Thermal Liquid Crystals and Thermal Shape Memory Alloys), Electrochemomechanical (Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes) and Electromechanical (Ionic Polymer Metal Composites, Field Driven Liquid Crystal Elastomers, Dielectric Elastomers)... 

Xiao, Y. and Bhattacharya, K. (2001). Modeling electromechanical properties of ionic polymers, (SPIE), pp. 292-300. 

The purpose of this section is to explain the mechanism and key components required for developing piezoelectricity in amorphous polymers and to present a summary of the polarization and electromechanical properties of the amorphous polymers currently imder investigation. 

An overview of the piezoeJectric activity in amorphous piezoelectric polymers is presented. The criteria required to render a polymer piezoelectric are discussed. Although piezoelectricity is a coupling between mechanical and electrical properties, most research has concentrated on the electrical properties of potentially piezoelectric polymers. In this work, we present con arative mechanical data as a function of temperature and offer a summary of polarization and electromechanical properties for each of the polymers considered. 

This chapter provides an overview of the materials used for manufacturing IPMC actuators and sensors. Recently, considerable effort has been put into investigating various electrode materials and ionic polymer membranes to increase the aetuation performance of IPMC and overcome some of the shortcomings to improve their reliability and stability. Various metallic and nonmetallic electrode materials with notable eleetroehemical and electromechanical properties have... 

The first section gives an overview of many of the basic models that have been employed to describe the electrical, electrochemical, mechanical, and electromechanical properties of conducting polymer actuators. 

Okuzaki H, Funasaka K (2000) Electromechanical properties of a hunrido-sensitive conducting polymer film. Macromolecules 33 8307-8311... 

In die late nineteenth century, scientists quickly adopted flie seminal publications of the Curie brothers. Consequently, piezoelectricity and electrostriction were first discovered and investigated on inorganic, mono- or polycrystalline materials (Katzir 2006). Therefore, the theoretical treatment of tire relevant electromechanical properties has been based on the physics and in particular on the structure and the anisotropy of crystals (Newnham 2005 Tichy et al. 2010). Semicrystalline or amorphous polymers are usually less anisotropic flian crystals, and the symmetry... 

Qiu X, Mellinger A et al (2007) Barrier discharges in cellular polypropylene ferroelectrets how do they influence the electromechanical properties J Appl Phys 101 104112 Qiu X, Hollander L et al (2013) Patterned piezo-, pyro-, and ferroelectricity of poled polymer electrets. J Appl Phys 89 4503... 

As was also discussed in this chapter, very significant progress has been made in the development of ferroelectrets. A large number of polymer electrets, including polyolefins (PP and PE), polyesters (PETP and PENP), COC, PC, and fiuoropolymers, were adopted to prepare ferroelectrets using a variety of techniques. By now, ferroelectrets with excellent electromechanical properties and with well-controlled cavity structures are becoming available. 

In this eontext, ferroelectrets actually represent a third elass of piezoelectric polymers in the sense that these cellular materials share features of charge electrets (real eharges) with those of ferroelectric polymers (hysteresis-type ED characteristics) (Bauer et al. 2004 Lekkala et al. 1996). Moreover, ferroelectrets are characterized by extremely high piezoelectric 33 coefficients as well as an extreme anisotropy in their mechanical and electromechanical properties, which partially require speeifie characterization techniques (Dansachmiiller et al. 2005). 

Figure 1 shows the schematic illustration of die formation of the ferroelectret from polymer foam and die scanning electron micrograph of the cross section of a cellular polypropylene (PP) ferroelectret film (Neugschwandtner et al. 2000). Since die typical shape of voids in ferroelectrets is fiat (e.g., cellidar PP ferroelectrets have lateral dimensions 10-100 pm and vertical dimensions of a few microns as shown in Fig. lb), the Young s modulus in thickness direction is much smaller ( 1 MPa) dian that in lateral direction ( 1 GPa). Due to the highly anisotropic nature of die microstructure and the properties of the ferroelectrets, the characterization of their mechanical and electromechanical properties requires specific techniques compared... 

P(VDCN-VAc) has been used in ultrasonic transducers as a thickness extensional (TE) mode resonator. The transducer of piezoelectric fluoropolymers. PVDF and/or P(VDF-TVFE), is well known in medical applications. Ihble 3 lists data on the electromechanical properties of P(VDCN-VAc), P> F. and PZT. Ekctmmechanical coupling frurtor K, of these polymers is 0 J-0 J, which is larger than that of quartz but substantially... 

The determination of the effective electromechanical properties of the 1-3 composite with planar interfaces (Figme 7) is carried out using a matrix approach [16], An averaging procedure within the framework of this approach leads to averaging of the eleetromechanical constants of the SC rods and the polymer matrix in the OXi and OX2 directions, in which the periodical structure of the composite is observed. In our calculations, the fiill sets of elastic... 

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