Electrolytes, physiologic

Cogan M. G. (1991) Fluid and Electrolytes, Physiology and Pathophysiology. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, 304pp. 

Wang W, Mitra A, Poole B, Falk S, Lucia MS,Tayal S, Schrier R Endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice exhibit increased susceptibility to endotoxin-induced acute renal failure. American Journal of Physiology - Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiology 287 F1044-F1048, 2004... 

Button TA, Mang HE, Campos SB, Sandoval RM, Yoder MC, Molitoris BA Injury ofthe renal microvascular endothelium alters barrier function after ischemia. American Journal of Physiology - Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiology 285 F191-F198, 2003... 

M. G. Cogan, Fluid and Electrolytes Physiology and Pathophysiology, Prentice-Hall, London, 1991, pp. 1-304. 

Dialysis transplantation pediatric nephrology proteomics genetics electrolyte physiology hypertension plasmapheresis mineral metabolism pharmacology internal medicine nephrolithiasis. 

But to return to the year 1937. In those days the field of electrolyte physiology was dominated by the ideas of two Germans, Mond and Netter. According to their notions, cells are permeable to K+ but not to Na+ and are impermeable to anions. I produced evidence in Dr. Fenn s laboratory which contradicted this theory. The experiments were as follows. I took advantage of my experience in working with potassium-deficient rats and I investigated the electrolytes of the musr s of these animals and studied the effect of muscular contraction. To my surprise I found that the muscles of potassium-deprived rats were richer in sodium than in potassium, quite the reverse of the usual situation. Upon stimulation, there occurred the usual loss of potassium so that the K/Na ratio became distorted even more. Clearly this excess of sodium could not be accommodated in the... 

Corticosteroids exhibit a wide range of physiological effects One important func tion IS to assist m maintaining the proper electrolyte balance m body fluids They also play a vital regulatory role m the metabolism of carbohydrates and m mediating the alter gic response... 

As we have seen in this chapter steroids have a number of functions in human physiology Cholesterol is a component part of cell mem branes and is found in large amounts in the brain Derivatives of cholic acid assist the digestion of fats in the small intestine Cortisone and its derivatives are involved in maintaining the electrolyte balance in body fluids The sex hormones responsible for mascu line and feminine characteristics as well as numerous aspects of pregnancy from conception to birth are steroids... 

Rose, B. D., 1994. Clinical Physiology of Acid—Base and Electrolyte Disorders, 4dl ed.. New York McGraw-Hill, Inc. 

So far, certain biomimetic catalysts (1 and 2b in Fig. 18.17) have been shown to reduce O2 to H2O under a slow electron flux at physiologically relevant conditions (pH 7,0.2-0.05 V potential vs. NHE) and retain their catalytic activity for >10" turnovers. Probably, only the increased stability of the turning-over catalyst is of relevance to the development of practical ORR catalysts for fuel cells. In addition, biomimetic catalysts of series 1,2,3, and 5, and catalyst 4b are the only metalloporphyrins studied in ORR catalysis with well-defined proximal and distal environments. For series 2, which is by far the most thoroughly studied series of biomimetic ORR catalysts, these well-defined environments result in an effective catalysis that seems to be the least sensitive among all metalloporphyrins to the electrode material (whether the catalyst is adsorbed or in the film) and to chemicals present in the electrolyte or in the O2 stream, including typical catalyst poisons (CO and CN ). 

The adrenal glands are important in the synthesis and regulation of key hormones. They play a crucial role in water and electrolyte homeostatsis, as well as regulation of blood pressure, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, physiologic response to stress, and sexual development and differentiation. This chapter focuses on pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management of the two most common conditions associated... 

Phosphorus and calcium are essential electrolytes involved in many physiologic processes and biochemical reactions. 

Physiology is the study of the functions of the human body. In other words, the mechanisms by which the various organs and tissues carry out their specific activities are considered. Emphasis is often placed on the processes that control and regulate these functions. In order for the body to function optimally, conditions within the body, referred to as the internal environment, must be very carefully regulated. Therefore, many important variables, such as body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood, as well as electrolyte balance, are actively maintained within narrow physiological limits. 

The process of tubular reabsorption is essential for the conservation of plasma constituents important to the body, in particular electrolytes and nutrient molecules. This process is highly selective in that waste products and substances with no physiological value are not reabsorbed, but instead excreted in the urine. Furthermore, reabsorption of many substances, such as Na+, H+, and Ca++ ions, and water is physiologically controlled. Consequently, volume, osmolarity, composition, and pH of the extracellular fluid are precisely regulated. 

Russell, D.A (1986) Mast cells in the regulation of intestinal electrolyte transport. American Journal of Physiology 251, G253—262. 

Clinical chemistry, particularly the determination of the biologically relevant electrolytes in physiological fluids, remains the key area of ISEs application [15], as billions of routine measurements with ISEs are performed each year all over the world [16], The concentration ranges for the most important physiological ions detectable in blood fluids with polymeric ISEs are shown in Table 4.1. Sensors for pH and for ionized calcium, potassium and sodium are approved by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) and implemented into commercially available clinical analyzers [17], Moreover, magnesium, lithium, and chloride ions are also widely detected by corresponding ISEs in blood liquids, urine, hemodialysis solutions, and elsewhere. Sensors for the determination of physiologically relevant polyions (heparin and protamine), dissolved carbon dioxide, phosphates, and other blood analytes, intensively studied over the years, are on their way to replace less reliable and/or awkward analytical procedures for blood analysis (see below). 

Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is maintained by feedback mechanisms, hormones, and many organ systems and is necessary for the body s normal physiologic functions. Disorders of sodium and water, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium homeostasis are addressed separately in this chapter. 

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