Electrochemical sensor arrays

Parra, V., Hernando, T., Rodriguez-Mendez, M. L., and de Saja, J. A. (2004). Electrochemical sensor array made from bisphthalocyanine modified carbon paste electrodes for discrimination of red wines. Electrochim. Acta 49(28), 5177-5185. 

Electrochemical sensor array for the evaluation of astringency in different tea samples... 

Stetter JR, Jurs PC, Rose SL. 1986. Detection of hazardous gases and vapors Pattern recognition analysis of data from an electrochemical sensor array. Anal Chem 58 860-866. 

Kukla A. L., Kanjuk N. I., Starodub N. F., and Shirshov Y. M., Multienzyme electrochemical sensor array for determination of heavy metal ions. Sens. Actuators B, 57, 213-218, 1999. 

C. P. Sun, J. C. Liao, Y. H. Zhang, V. Gau, M. Mastali, J. T. Babbitt, et ah Rapid, species-specific detection of uropathogen 16S rDNA and rRNA at ambient temperature by dot-blot hybridization and an electrochemical sensor array. Mol. Genet. Metab. 84, 90-99 [2005]. 

Griveau, S., Bedioui, F. 2013. Overview of significant examples of electrochemical sensor arrays designed for detection of nitric oxide and relevant species in a biological environment. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 405 3475-3488. 

Chang, S. C., Pereira-Rodrigues, N., Henderson, J. R. et al. 2005. An electrochemical sensor array system for the direct, simultaneous in vitro monitoring of nitric oxide and superoxide production by cultured... 

Stefan, R.I., J.F. Staden, and H.Y. Aboul-Ensin. 1999. Electrochemical sensor arrays. Grit. Rev. Anal. Ghent. 29 133-153. 

An older general review by Stefan et al. [2] considers mathematical modeling for data processing (including a variety of chemometric methods such as linear and nonlinear partial least squares, fuzzy neural networks, and multivariate analysis of variance), designs for electrochemical sensor arrays as well as applications in environmental, food and clinical analysis. Arrays of potentiometric ion-selective electrodes, piezoelectric crystal sensors, and voltammetric biosensors, as well as the electronic nose gas-phase sensor arrays are reviewed. 

Stefan R-I, van Staden JF, Aboul-Enein HY (1999) Electrochemical sensor arrays. Crit Rev Anal Oiem 29 133-153... 

Wan Y, Zhang J, Liu G, Pan D, Wang L, Song S, Fan C (2009) Ligase-based multiple DNA analysis by using an electrochemical sensor array. Biosens Bioelectron 24 1209-1212... 

Quinton D, Girard A, Kim LTT, Raimbault V, Griscom L, Razan F, Giiveau S, Bedioui F (2011) On-chip multi-electrochemical sensor array platform for simultaneous soeening of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Lab Chip 11 1342-1350... 

Multiple electrodes have been used to obtain selectivity in electrochemical detection. An early example involved the separation of catecholamines from human plasma using a Vydac (The Separation Group Hesperia, CA) SCX cation exchange column eluted with phosphate-EDTA.61 A sensor array using metal oxide-modified surfaces was used with flow injection to analyze multicomponent mixtures of amino acids and sugars.62 An example of the selectivity provided by a multi-electrode system is shown in Figure 2.63... 

Chitosan-clay bio-nanocomposites are very stable materials without significant desorption of the biopolymer when they are treated with aqueous salt solutions for long periods of time. In this way, they act as active phases of electrochemical sensors for detection of ions (Figure 1.8). The particular nanostructuration of the biopolymer in the interlayer region drives the selective uptake of monovalent versus polyvalent anions, which has been applied in electrode arrays of electronic tongues [132]. 

An electrochemical sensor using an array microelectrode was tested for the detection of allergens such as mite and cedar pollen (Okochi et ah, 1999). Blood was used in the assay and the release of serotonin, a chemical mediator of allergic response, which is electrochemically oxidized at the potential around 300 mV, was monitored for electrochemical detection by cyclic voltammetry. 

We further addressed the use of the nucleic acids as biopolymers for the formation of supramolecular structures that enable the electronic or electrochemical detection of DNA. Specifically, we discussed the use of aptamer/low-molecular-weight molecules or aptamer/protein supramolecular complexes for the electrical analysis of the guest substrates in these complexes. Also, nucleic acid-NPs hybrid systems hold a great promise as sensing matrices for the electrical detection of DNA in composite three-dimensional assemblies. While sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors for DNA were fabricated, the integration of these sensor configurations in array formats (DNA chips) for the multiplexed analysis of many DNAs can also be envisaged. 

An HPLC method using progressive electrochemical detection of SPA was described by McCabe and Acworth (128). Samples were mixed with hexane, and SPA were extracted with acetonitrile. An HPLC analysis of the extracts was performed, without an evaporation step, on a high-pressure Coul Array system in which analytes were detected on two coulometric array-cell modules, each containing four electrochemical sensors attached in series after the column. Analytes were separated on a Supelcosil LC-18, 5-/tm column using gradient elution and detected at potentials of —50, 0, 70, 250, 375, 500, 675, and 825 mV. To remove oxidative impurities to be coeluted with BHT, a guard cell with applied potential of 900 mV was also placed in the system. 

Electrochemical Sensors, Sensor Arrays, and Computer Algorithms... 

Recent developments in the field of sensing airborne chemicals using electrochemical sensors and sensor arrays are reviewed. Such systems detect, Identify, and quantify potential chemical hazards to protect the health and safety of workers and citizens. The application discussed In this review article Is single chemicals at part-per-million levels in air. The sensor system consists of an array of sensors used In four modes of operation, and the data are Interpreted by a computer algorithm. Pattern recognition techniques are being used to understand the information content of the arrays and to focus future experimental work. 

---