Electrochemical deposition characterization techniques

Chandra S, Sahu SNJ (1984) Electrodeposited semiconducting molybdenum selenide films. 1. Preparatory technique and stractural characterization. J Phys D Appl Phys 17 2115-2123 Dukstiene N, Kazancev K, Prosicevas 1, Guobiene A (2004) Electrodeposition of Mo-Se thin films from a sulfamatic electrolyte. J SoUd State Electrochem 8 330-336 Ponomarev EA, Neumann-SpaUart M, Hodes G, Levy-Qement C (1996) Electrochemical deposition of M0S2 thin films by reduction of tetrathiomolybdate. Thin SoUd EUms 280 86-89... 

Spectroscopic ellipsometry is a non-destructive, interface sensitive, in situ technique for interface characterization. Time resolved ellipsometric spectroscopy was used to determine the mechanism of electrochemical deposition of photoresists on copper electrodes under potentiostatic, anodic conditions. Nucleation of photoresist deposition occurs randomly. During the early stages of nucleation the semi-spherical particles are separated by about 100 A. The deposits tend to grow like "pillars" up to 50 A. Further growth of the "pillars" lead to coalescence of the photopolymer deposits. 

Cathodic deposition of metal nanopaiticles on silicon typically proceeds via progressive formation of 3D nuclei, which gives opportunity to control electrodeposit properties at the nucleation stage. A complex AC and DC electrochemical characterization technique has been developed for fine tuning the nucleation stage in the formation of metal-silicon nanostructures. 

For the structural characterization of model electrodes it was shown that on the base of well-defined substrates, composite electrodes tvith defined mesoscopic structure can be prepared. Rather different methods such as low-efficiency electrochemical deposition or adsorption of colloidal particles can be employed for this purpose, and the effect on the surface morphology can be adequately characterized with STM. Knowledge of the mesoscopic siarface properties facilitates the interpretation of results obtained from other techniques, e. g., conventional electrochemical methods or infrared spectroscopy [6], since these are affected by the surface structure but do not contain detailed information about the morphology. 

Further optimization of the catalyst prepared by spontaneous deposition of Pt and further catalyst characterization with electrochemical and EXAFS techniques. 

In this work, we describe the synthesis and characterization of SWNT/PANI composite films with SWNT incorporated into PANI matrix via electrochemical composite codeposition technique during electropolymerization. The SWNT/PANI composite film modified by electrochemically depositing platinum subsequently shows much higher mass activity and long-term stability for formaldehyde oxidation than a pure PANI film. 

Highly boron-doped diamond films, which have been widely studied in electrochemistry, can be grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and are electrically conductive. Different electrochemical properties of boron-doped diamond films have been studied, such as reactivity [133] and electronic structure [134]. Different characterization techniques have been used to study the electrochemistry of diamond, such as scanning electron microscopy [123, 135] and Raman spectroscopy [125,136]. 

By considering in situ characterization of the deposits, hyphenated techniques can represent very important tools to enrich the picture of the coating when subjected to electrochemical polarization. In this case, the electrochemical stimulus, in terms of either potential or current applied to the system, is coupled to a direct observation of the modification induced. UV-visible and Raman spectroelectrochemistry were and still are infi equently used to simultaneously... 

Template synthesis is a relatively simple and easy procedure which has made the fabrication of rather sophisticated nanomaterials accessible to almost any laboratory. Template synthesis reqnires access to instmmentation capable of metal sputtering and electrochemical deposition. The characterization of the fabricated nanostructures can be done using instmmental techniques including spectrophotometry, voltanunetry, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electronic microscopies (scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)). 

The monotonic increase of immobilized material vith the number of deposition cycles in the LbL technique is vhat allo vs control over film thickness on the nanometric scale. Eilm growth in LbL has been very well characterized by several complementary experimental techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy [66, 67], quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) [68-70], X-ray [63] and neutron reflectometry [3], Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ETIR) [71], ellipsometry [68-70], cyclic voltammetry (CV) [67, 72], electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) [73], -potential [74] and so on. The complement of these techniques can be appreciated, for example, in the integrated charge in cyclic voltammetry experiments or the redox capacitance in EIS for redox PEMs The charge or redox capacitance is not necessarily that expected for the complete oxidation/reduction of all the redox-active groups that can be estimated by other techniques because of the experimental timescale and charge-transport limitations. 

For further characterization of the protein multilayer, two electrochemical techniques were employed independently. The first technique involves amperometric measurements of the GOx multilayer-modified electrode in the presence of glucose. Figure 15 plots the output current (A/) of the electrode to 1 mM glucose as a function of the deposition number. The response current depends linearly on the number... 

Platinized platinum catalysts were modified by submonolayers of lead, deposited and characterized by electrochemical techniques. Their activity was tested in liquid phase hydrogenation of C C bonds. 

The characterization of pure platinum catalysts and of Pt catalysts modified by lead was achieved in situ by linear potential sweep cyclic voltammetry. This technique allowed to measure the active platinum surface area in the absence and in the presence of deposited lead and to determine the surface fraction covered by lead adatoms (9-12). The adsorption stoichiometry of lead on platinum was also evaluated by electrochemical techniques and found to be equal to two (one lead atom covers two platinum atoms on the surface) (II). 

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