Electricity hazards electrical sparks

The key to safety in explosives manufacturing is to use isolated high-velocity nitric acid reactors that have only a veiy small hold up at any one time (that is, only a small amount of dangerous material is held up inside the reactor at any time). Units are widely spaced, so any accident involves only small amounts of explosive and does not propagate through the plant. Fire and electrical spark hazards are rigorously controlled, and manpower reduced to the absolute minimum through automation. 

Caution. Anhydrous ammonia does not generally constitute a fire or explosion hazard, but it is flammable in high concentrations, and contact with flames and electrical sparks should be avoided. 

Attention also must be given to the explosion and fire hazards presented by combustible organic vapors and combustible gases such as hydrogen and methane. These vapors are readily ignited by static electricity, electrical sparks from most laboratory appliances, open flames, and other highly exothermic reactions. Thus appreciable atmospheric concentrations of combustible vapors should be avoided. 

Table XI entitled "Classification of Explosives with Respect to Hazard From Electric Sparks . Dangerous expls are BkPdr, DADNPh, EC Powder, Expl D , LA.LSt, MF, Tetracene, Tetryl, Tetrytol Ungraphited Smokeless Propint. Non-... 

Safety glasses must be worn in the laboratory at all times. Material safety and data sheets should be read prior to the start of the experiment. All chemicals should be considered hazardous from a standpoint of flammability and toxicity. Appropriate safety gloves must be worn when using organic solvents so that no skin contact is permitted. Care must be taken to use organic solvents either in a well-ventilated area or in a hood. Avoid breathing the fumes or sources of electrical sparks. The GPC instrument, including solvent reservoir and waste container, should be vented to a fume hood or other exhaust system. 

The BurMines criteria for racing the potential explosion hazard of dust by the standard electric spark is defined by the ignition sensitivity, explosion severity and the overall explosibility indices or the correlative adjectives, weak, moderate, strong and severe (Ref 10)... 

TNT, like RDX and Composition B, is not classified as dangerous with respect to hazard from electric sparks. Sensitivity to electrostatic discharge of TNT (thru 100 mesh) is 0,06 Joules (unconfined) and 4.4 Joules (confined) TNT can be detonated by electric discharge (Ref 108)... 

A major disadvantage of an undivided cell is the fire and explosion hazard caused by electrical sparking in the case of mixing finely dispersed H2 and 02 formed during the electrolysis of water. Weintraub et al. [159] utilized porous Fe anodes that are oxidized while air or oxygen is bubbled through the solution to separate oil-water emulsions. The overall process can be explained by the following sequence of reactions [160,161] ... 

An aerosol is a dispersion of discrete particles in a stream of gas. Starch and cellulose aerosols are potential fire hazards in granaries where friction between the moving, micronized particles causes electrification, whereupon separate accumulations of positive and negative charges may discharge as an electric spark and ignite the combustible solute (contact electrification synonymous with triboelectrification Ross and Morrison, 1988). 

These effects were very unpleasant to consumers, and the problem became more acute as synthetic fibers became more popular. Much more serious are the fire and explosion hazards created by static charge if clothes produce electric sparks in an atmosphere of a flammable solvent. 

The source of electrical hazards. Eliminate electric sparks and charge buildup replace electrical with pneumatic instrumentation, replace electric-driven with steam-driven devices. Eliminate charge buildup by increasing conductance, e.g., increasing the conductivity of the atmosphere (via ionization) and increasing the conductivity of nonconductors (by humidification or additives). 

HAZARD RISK Flammable emits toxic fumes under fire conditions violent reaction with strong oxidants, especially nitric acid sinks in water can ignite be electric sparks explo-... 

HAZARD RISK Flammable explosion risk above flash point can ignite by electric sparks reacts with water decomposes on heating emits toxic fumes under fire conditions NFPAcode H3 F 1 R0. 

HAZARD RISK Flammable dangerous fire hazard explosion hazard with air mixtures of ether vapors can form peroxide that detonate when heated decomposes on heating and on contact with water, producing toxic and corrosive fumes of hydrogen chloride and formaldehyde may generate electrostatic charges can ignite by electric sparks attacks many metals, resins and plastics NFPA code not available... 

HAZARD RISK Combustible when exposed to heat or flame moderate explosion hazard in the form of dust when exposed to flame ignition by electric sparks may generate electrostatic sparks explosion upon heat of mixtures with copper oxide or sodium nitrite NFPA Code H3 F 1 R0. 

This synthesis should be carried out in a hood away from flame and free of electrical spark hazards to avoid fire or explosion due to the evolution of hydrogen gas in step 1 and to avoid inhalation of hazardous vapors. 

EGBE forms explosive mixtures with air in the range 1.1-10.6% by volume of air. Comas et al. (1974) reported the hazards associated with EGBE-perchloric acid solutions used for electropolishing alloys. Solutions containing 50-95% acid constitute explosion danger at room temperature. Acid concentration up to 30% is safe in the absence of an electric spark, solvent evaporation, or heating up to the flash point, 60° C (140°F) of the solvent. 

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