Electrostatic generator

Precipitators are currently used for high collection efficiency on fine particles. The use of electric discharge to suppress smoke was suggested in 1828. The principle was rediscovered in 1850, and independently in 1886 and attempts were made to apply it commercially at the Dee Bank Lead Works in Great Britain. The installation was not considered a success, probably because of the cmde electrostatic generators of the day. No further developments occurred until 1906 when Frederick Gardiner Cottrell at the University of California revived interest (U.S. Pat. 895,729) in 1908. The first practical demonstration of a Cottrell precipitator occurred in a contact sulfuric acid plant at the Du Pont Hercules Works, Pinole, California, about 1907. A second installation was made at Vallejo Junction, California, for the Selby Smelting and Lead Company. 

Smeltzer, E. E., Weaver, M. L., and Klinzing, G. E., Pressure drop losses due to electrostatic generation in pneumatic transport, Indust. Engrg. Chem, Proc. Des. Dev., 21 390-394 (1982)... 

The role of electrostatic generation as an important ignition source in industrial powder handling operations is discussed in this book. 

Let us apply the interpolation procedure to a case involving an electric field. It is well known that the efficiency of the granular bed filters can be significantly increased by applying an external electrostatic field across the filter. In this case, fine (<0.5-/rm) particles deposit on the surface of the bed because of Brownian motion as well as because of the electrostatically generated dust particle drift [51], The rate of deposition can be calculated easily for a laminar flow over a sphere in the absence of the electrostatic field [5]. The other limiting case, in which the motion of the particles is exclusively due to the electric field, could also be treated [52], When, however, the two effects act simultaneously, only numerical solutions to the problem could be obtained [51],... 

In the strictest sense, the term gamma ray is applicable only to photons produced as a result of transitions in atomic nuclei. However, the term is also sometimes used to denote bremsstrahlung radiation produced when the high energy electrons in the beam of an electron accelerator, such as an electrostatic generator, a betatron, a synchrotron, or a linear accelerator, strike the target of that accelerator. 

Some 50 cyclotrons are now in use in research labs throughout the world. One-half of these are in the USA. Cyclotrons are used to accelerate protons heavier particles. With higher energy than is available from electrostatic generators, it is possible... 

Electrostatic generators.2 By application of an electrostatic potential on a pending droplet (Figure 4a), charges accumulate on its surface creating a repulsion which opposes the surface tension. The resulting droplets will... 

In addition to activation by thermal ( 0.04 eV), epithermal (>0.1 eV), or fast neutrons (14MeV), a variety of charged particles (p, d, a, etc.) and y-rays have been used when special sources are available. For example, 1-5 MeV protons from a van de Graaff electrostatic generator produce X rays from the excited intermediate z+ B in a technique designated... 

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