Electrical conductivity of polymers

Balabanov, E. I., A. A. Berlin, V. P. Parini, V. L. Tal Roze, E. L. Franke-vich, and M. I. Cherkashina Electrical conductivity of polymers with conjugated double bonds. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. 134, 1123 (1960). 

Electrical conductivity of polymers is very low, making them very useful as insulation. 

In order to estimate the theoretical upper bounds for the electrical conductivities of polymer nanotube composites, equation (15.1) was used to calculate conductivity values for model composites based on both SWNT and MWNT. The values are included in Table 15.2 together with the electrical conductivities of individual CNTs as reported in the literature. Although arc-synthesized MWNTs are likely to possess higher conductivities than CVD-grown ones, no distinction is made in the present analysis between the two types due to the unavailability of reliable data. An electrical conductivity of IE-9 S/m is taken to represent the conductivity of a typical polymer matrix. 

Bigg D M, Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Polymers Materials, Eds. Godovsky Y K, Privalko V P, Springer, Berbn 1995. 

In this chapter the emphasis will be on electrical transport as the hallmark of electroactivity. Electrical conductivity of polymers is a material property which may vary over a wide range. Biopolymers are a subclass of organic conductors. The electrical conductivity in what is otherwise a biopolymer originates from... 

An epoch of using organic materials for electrical, electronic, and optoelectronic applications has been going on since 1977, when Chiang et al. [1] discovered a tremendous increase of 11 orders of magnitude in electrical conductivity of polymer when halogen was introduced into polyacetylene. A new nomenclature of "organic semiconductors" was therefore coined... 

The mixing of neutral polymers with particles of conductive substances like metals or carbon black for the purpose of modifying the electrical conductivity of polymers has been demonstrated in many works. Electric conduction in such composite materials is achieved due to contacts between the conductive particles dispersed in the polymeric matrix. In order to obtain continuous conductive paths in such a system the quantity of the additive has to be relatively large. However, the presence of these additives has an undesirable effect on the mechanical properties of the composite. ... 

Fig. 9.1 Electrical conductivities of polymers compared with those of other materials. All values are approximate.

Electrical conductivity of polymers continues to be one of the most important research areas for materials science. The conductivity of metals (typically 10" lO Q cm at room temperature) is generally higher than for semiconductors, but it is temperature dependence that truly defines the difference electrical conductivity of metallic substances increases with decreasing temperature, while that of a semiconductor decreases. The interest in superconduct-... 

Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Polymer Blends by Irradiation... 

Godovski, D. 1995. Electron behavior and magnetic properties of polymer nanocomposites. In Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Polymer Materials. 119 79-122. Springer-Verlag Heidelberg. 

Sumita, M., Sakata, K., Asai, S., Miyasaka, K., and Nakagawa, H. 1991. Dispersion of fillers and the electrical-conductivity of polymer blends filled with carbon-black. Polymer Btdletin 25 265-271. 

The electrical conductivity of polymers can also be increased at higher cost by using carbon fibres or carbon nanotubes. The tiny tubes can be single-walled or multi-walled, typically with eight shells consisting of coiled graphite sheets. One company makes multi-walled tubes around 50 microns long, with an inside diameter of about 5 nm and an outer diameter of 10 to 15 nm. 

Chen, C.-h., LaRue, J.C., Nelson, R.D., KuUnsky, L., November 11, 2011a. Electrical Conductivity of Polymer Blends of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Poly(styrenesulfonate) N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and Polyvinyl Alcohol. Wiley Online Library. 

In the solid state, the electrical conductivity of polymer-carbon nanotube composites can be affected by various external stimuli like changes in temperature [68], mechanical stress [69], and exposure to liquids [49,70,71] or organic vapor compounds [72-74]. These sensitivities may be exploited for the creation of smart components [75]. 

Bellinger D, Xu D H, Ohneiser A, Skipa T and Alig I (2008) Influence of the injection moulding conditions on the in-line measured electrical conductivity of polymer-carbon nanotube composites,... 

Prom the literature, a wide range of values have been reported for the percolation threshold and electrical conductivity of polymer/CNT composites, depending on the type of CNTs, nanotube functionalization, composite processing method and polymer employed [85,86]. Bauhofer and Kovacs analyzed the effects of experimental conditions, types of CNTs and polymers on the percolation threshold of CNT/polymer nanocomposites. They reported that the type of polymer and CNT dispersion play a more important role than the type and synthesis method of CNTs. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites with fully dispersed and exfoliated MWNTs in the matrix is 50 times higher than that of entangled ones [86]. 

Lanticse L J, Tanabe Y, Matsui K, Kaburagi Y, Suda K, Hoteida M, Endo M and Yasuda E (2006) Shear-induced preferential alignment of carbon nanotubes resulted in anisotropic electrical conductivity of polymer composites. Carbon 44 3078-3086. 

Hydrogel Electrolyte, Fig. 2 Electrical conductivity of polymer hydrogel electrolyte and 6 mol L KOH aqueous solution at 25 °C... 

The measurement of the electrical conductivity of polymers is discussed in Section 5.3.8. Although, strictly speaking, unreinforced electrically conducting polymers are not within the subject area of this book, they are reviewed briefly here. 

Examination of the electrical conductivity of polymer solutions and choosing solvent mixture allowed the ([CH3 (CH2)3] N) - (TBAl) concentration in solution to be decreased from 5 down to 1 g/L due to adding the SI. The increase in PHB concentration up to 7 wt.% in a new solvent mixture was gained. 

Monomer Electrical conductivity of polymer film [a] [S/cm] Undoped Doped with I2 ... 

The electrical conductivity of polymer composites is affected by several factors, namely polymer characteristics, filler features, the interactions among the phases, the processing technique, and the multiphase morphology (Strumpler and Glatz-Reichenbach 1999 Boudenne et al. 2011 Mittal 2012). All these aspects are further reviewed here. 

Geuskens G., Gielens J.L., Geshef D., and Deltour R. The electrical conductivity of polymer blends filled with carbon-black. Eur. Polym. J. 23 no. 12 (1987) 993-995. 

Martin and Hanks have reported the oxidative polymerization of dicarbonyl (Ti -cyclopentadienyl)(Ti -pyrrolyl)iron(II). The resulting polymer (45) yielded an azaferrocene polymer (46) on refluxing. The electrical conductivities of polymers 45 and 46 were found to be 7 x 10 and 1.5 x 10 " S/cm, respectively. 

The electrical conduction of polymers is the subject of continuing studies, and results have been summarized in many books and reviews (e.g., Mort and Pfister, 1982). Within the frame of this book, we shall discuss the electronic properties of some materials which have some connection to the basic ideas formulated for nonpolar liquids. 

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