European Economic Community Directives

RA Hooless, JA Sidwell, JC Skinner, RO Treble. Aplication of high-performance liquid chromatography to the determination of pesticides included in the European Economic Community Directive on fruit and vegetables. J Chromatogr 166 279-286, 1978. 

In Canada, the use of antioxidants is regulated under the Food and Drug Act (Heath Canada), and in United States, it is regulated by the Federal Drug Administration and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. When it comes to the European Economic Community, directives regulate the use of antioxidants however, individual member countries stiU have the control of usage levels. In Japan, the Food Sanitation Law specifies the use of antioxidants (48). 

European Economic Community, Directive No. 86/188/EEC on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to noise at work. Official Journal No. L137 of 24 May 1986, p 28, HMSO, London (1986)... 

In Europe, the formation of the European Economic Community has created a requirement to bring food additive approvals of the member nations into alignment, so as to eliminate differences in laws that hinder the movement of foodstuffs among these nations. Historically the member countries have differed widely in approaches to food additive approval and their tendency to approve new additives. At the time of this writing, a framework directive for food additives and several specific directives for various categories of additives are nearing completion (3). 

White chocolate has been defined by the European Economic Community (EEC) Directive 75/155/EEC as free of coloring matter and consisting of cocoa butter (not less than 20%) sucrose (not more than 55%) milk or soHds obtained by partially or totally dehydrated whole milk, skimmed milk, or cream (not less than 14%) and butter or butter fat (not less than 3.5%). 

European Regulations. Regulations for cosmetics differ from country to country but, in general, are similar to or patterned after U.S. regulation. Thus, the identification of a cosmetic in the European Community differs only marginally from that in the United States. A 1991 European Economic Community (EEC) directive defines a cosmetic as ... 

The Council of the European Economic Community, established under the 1957 Treaty of Rome, in 1973 issued a declaration on the environment (4), which the European Commission in Brussels has interpreted as giving it authority to issue directives on matters related to the emission of air pollutants, such as one limiting the sulfur content of fuel oil (5). 

Until 1991, manufacturers seeking authorizations for pesticides had to fulfil country-specific requirements of validation of enforcement methods. The term enforcement method means analytical methods which are developed for post-registration control and monitoring purposes. The harmonization of these requirements was initiated with the European Economic Community (EEC) Council Directive 91/414/EEC and temporarily finalized with the Guidance Document on Residue Analytical Methods SANCO/825/00 rev. 6, dated 20 June 2000 [Santd et Protection des Consommateurs (SANCO)]. The evaluation of validation studies by the competent authority is conducted by comparison of these European Union (EU) requirements with the study results and most often without any practical experience of the method. Some details of this evaluation are discussed below. 

Council of European Economic Community (1992) Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Off J Eur Community L 206 7... 

European Economic Community (EEC). (1979). Council Directive 67/548/EEC as amended by Directive 79/831 /EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities No. L259, 10. 

Currently there is relatively little guidance for the use of QSARs to predict the toxicity and fate (especially in the environment) of chemicals. Some guidance is provided within the European Union (EU) where a comprehensive technical guidance document (TGD) was produced to support the Directive on New Substances and the Regulation on Existing Substances (European Economic Community, 1996). This document includes a substantial chapter providing guidance on the use of QSARs in environmental risk assessments. 

European Economic Community, Technical Guidance Document in Support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for New Notified Substances and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for Existing Substances, European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1996. 

This step is difficult to illustrate, because the process is unprecedented. However, it can be imagined that the validated and endorsed QSAR would be published in an official document, such as the EU TGD on risk assessment (European Economic Community, 1996), or possibly in an instrument of the chemicals legislation (in the EU, this might be Annex V to Directive 67/548/EEC). 

Although comprehensive regulatory legislation was developed first and most extensively in the United States, all the technically developed nations of the World now regulate the manufacture, sale, and use of agricultural chemicals. The criteria used are not unlike those which were developed over the past several years in the United States. In Europe, the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1991 adopted Directive 91/414/EEC which, included the following goals. ... 

Because many heavy metals are toxic to man, animals and plants, it is necessary to monitor continually potable water, river water and trade and sewage effluents to check that the metal levels are below the predefined safe limits. In this way, water quality is preserved and the health of the population is safeguarded. It is because of the public health aspects that toxic limits for metals in surface waters have been introduced and those set by the European Economic Community are displayed in Table 1. It can be seen that all limits are at the trace level and in order to comply with these directives there will be a need for the regular analysis of raw and potable waters for these metals. This is the function of quality-control water laboratories. 

European Economic Coimcil Directive (1982). Ojficial Journal of the European Communities 25 L230/1-L230/18. 

The major importers of palm oil used to be the developed countries of the European Economic Community (EEC), the United States, and Japan. They accounted for about 75% of the imports of palm oil in the early 1970s. With the increasing exports of refined palm oil products, many developing countries, which did not have refining capacities, were able to import processed palm oil for direct consumption with minimal or no further refining. This helped to expand the market for palm... 

European Economic Community. Council Directive 86/609/EEC of 24 November on the approximation of laws, regulations, and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other purposes. Off J EurCommun L352 1-29,1986. 

European Economic Community (EEC) A food additive is any substance not normally consumed as a food in itself and not normally used as a characteristic ingredient of food whether or not it has nutritive value, the intentional addition of which to food for a technological purpose in the manufacture, processing, preparation, treatment, packaging, transport or storage of food results, or may be reasonably expected to result, in it or its by-products becoming directly or indirectly a component of such foods. 89/107/EEC. 

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