Election microscopy

Transmission election microscopy (TEM) was used to further explore the microstructure in each of the three copolymer systems. The 2-methyl resorcinol-PDMSX copolymer was expected to show the greatest degree of microphase... 

The application of election Microscopy technique to polymer analysis involves sufficient extension beyond the ordinary techniques. Some salient points are discussed here. 

X-ray topography is the X-ray analogue of transmission election microscopy and as such provides a map of the strain distribution in a crystal. The theory of image formation is well established and image simulation is thus a powerful means of defect identification. Despite a reputation for being a slow and exacting technique, with modem detector technology and care to match spatial resolution of detector and experiment, it can be a powerful and economical quality-control tool for the semiconductor industry. 

It is interesting to note that, due to its uniform and nearly straight pore structure, planar anodic alumina membranes have been used as the probes for monitoring catalyst deactivation at the single pore level [Nourbaksh et al, 1989a]. The nearly idealized structure is suitable for various surface analysis techniques such as scanning and transmission election microscopy and associated EDX and XPS to be applied to fresh as well as spent catalysts. In the case of hydrotreating of crude-derived heavy oils, catalyst... 

Newbury, D.E., David, C., Echlin, J.P., Fiori, C.E. Goldstien, J.I. (1987) Advanced Scanning Election Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis. New York Plenum Press. 

Fig. 4. SDS-PAGE gel of CFi preincubated in SDS buffer at 20 C for 20 min (ieft panel, first column) and the CFq Fi complex preincubated in SDS buffer at 20 C for 20 min or at 95 C for 5 min (left panel, second and third columns, respectively). Right panel, densitometric scan of SDS-PAGE gel containing molecular-weight standards. The second and third densitometric scans are for the corresponding gel strips in the left panel. Gel-strip images are from Graber, Fromme, Schmidt and Boekema (1988) Structure of the ATP-synthase from chioropiasts as revealed from biochemical studies and election microscopy, in The Ion Pumps Structure, Function and Reguiation, p 68. Alan R Liss. Densitometric-scan images are from Fromme, Boekema and Graber (1987) Isolation and characterization of a supramolecular complex of subunit III of the ATP synthase from chioropiasts. Z Naturforsch 42C 1241.

Crystallization from solution involved the preparation of a 20 wt % solution of the trimer in decane. The precipitation temperature for this solution was 23 C, and all epitaxial depositions were done at 29 C, or 6 C above this cloud point. Deposition times on in situ cleaved salt crystal (100) surfaces were near 10 minutes for film thicknesses suitable for election microscopy. 

A nondestructive method may be applied to a sample with relatively simple composition, but for a more complex sample, digestion processes are recommended, which are destructive. Beam analysis is recommended as a nondestructive method for samples with simple composition. The reliability of the analytical information for the beam analysis technique is assured by reproducibility and homogeneity of surfaces. It is necessary to clean the surfaces before the analytical process. Also, there are mechanical steps used for sample preparation to assure surface homogeneity. Conventional scanning election microscopy (SEM) is widely used as an analytical tool.38 4(1 Variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM) opens new opportunities in the field of materials science. Samples such as liquids can be analyzed using the VP-SEM technique without any prior preparation method (e.g., the characterization of two-phase crude petroleum from the... 

Zvyagin BB, Gorshkov AI (1966) Effects of secondary diffraction in selected area patterns of mineral crystals superimposed with a relative rotation aroimd the primaiy beam. Sixth Intemat. Congress for Electron Microscopy, Kyoto. In Election Microscopy 1966 Vol. 1. R Uyeda (ed) Maruzen, Tokyo, p 603-604 Zvyagin BB, Vrublevskaya ZV, Zhukhlistov AP, Sidorenko OV, Soboleva SV, Fedotov AF (1979) High-voltage electron diffraction in the study of layered minerals. Moscow Nauka Press, 224 pp. (in Russian)... 

Reimer, E., Transmission Election Microscopy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984. 

TEM (transmission election microscopy)—an electron beam is passed through a small region of a sample contained within a vacuum. The transmitted electrons are magnified and focused to obtain an image on a scintillation screen or electronic detector. 

We thank G. Nachtegaal and Dr. A.P.M. Kentgens for their help with the NMR measurements at the SON-NWO HF-NMR facihty (Nijmegen, the Netherlands). We also thank J. Suurmond and J. Pieters for performing the election microscopy, and A. PhUipse for his comments. 

For scanning election microscopy (SEM), samples were mounted on aluminium stubs with graphite filled tape, vacuum coated with gold-palladium and examined under the scanning election microscope (JEOL JSM 6400V, JEOL Inc., Peabody, MA). 

The effect of anthropogenic pollution on the chemical composition and anatomic structure of bioindicator plants (hydrophytes) was studied with the aid of Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning election microscopy (SEM), and X-ray microanalysis. A correlation between the changes existing in the IR spectrum of the plant samples and anthropogenic pollution of the plant inhabitation is established. Deformation and epidermis cell disruption were revealed in the samples from polluted sites. 

Fig. 6.25 a Scanning transmission election microscopy image of MgO-stabilized CO2 sorbents (Ca—md. Mg—cyan), and b pore size distribution. The CO2 sorbent contained a weight ratio of CaO to MgO of 75 25 %. Adapted with the permission from Ref. [82]. Copyright 2005, Americrm Chemical Society... 

He C, Zhao N, Shi C, Li J, Li H. Magnetic properties and transmission election microscopy studies of Ni nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanocages and carbon nanotubes. Mater Res BuU 2008 43 2260-5. 

Jinl] Metallography, scanning election microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, hardness 9.38-11.13 mass% Co, 26.75-27.5 mass% Cr, Fe = bal. 500-930°C spinodal mierostraeture of bee phase... 

Tho] Thomas, G., Some Applications of Transmission Election Microscopy to Phase Transitions , in Diffraction and Imaging Techniques in Material Sciencd , AmeUnckx, S., Gevers, R., Van Landuyt, J. (Eds.), Vol. 1, North-Holland Publ. Comp., Amsterdam, New York-Oxford, 1, 217-249 (1978) (Crys. Structure, Morphology, Review, 46)... 

Fig. 1.11 a Fibrin gel after polymerization in a 6-well plate, b-d Scanning election microscopy (SEM) images demonstrating the nano-fiber network structure of the fibrin, which enables the gentle embedding of cells, with a vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) shown in d immediately after the gelation of the fibrin within a web-like network surrounded by cell culture medium. Reproduced from Ref. [86] Jockenhoevel and Flanagan... 

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