Scanning election microscopy SEM

A nondestructive method may be applied to a sample with relatively simple composition, but for a more complex sample, digestion processes are recommended, which are destructive. Beam analysis is recommended as a nondestructive method for samples with simple composition. The reliability of the analytical information for the beam analysis technique is assured by reproducibility and homogeneity of surfaces. It is necessary to clean the surfaces before the analytical process. Also, there are mechanical steps used for sample preparation to assure surface homogeneity. Conventional scanning election microscopy (SEM) is widely used as an analytical tool.38 4(1 Variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM) opens new opportunities in the field of materials science. Samples such as liquids can be analyzed using the VP-SEM technique without any prior preparation method (e.g., the characterization of two-phase crude petroleum from the... 

For scanning election microscopy (SEM), samples were mounted on aluminium stubs with graphite filled tape, vacuum coated with gold-palladium and examined under the scanning election microscope (JEOL JSM 6400V, JEOL Inc., Peabody, MA). 

The effect of anthropogenic pollution on the chemical composition and anatomic structure of bioindicator plants (hydrophytes) was studied with the aid of Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning election microscopy (SEM), and X-ray microanalysis. A correlation between the changes existing in the IR spectrum of the plant samples and anthropogenic pollution of the plant inhabitation is established. Deformation and epidermis cell disruption were revealed in the samples from polluted sites. 

Fig. 1.11 a Fibrin gel after polymerization in a 6-well plate, b-d Scanning election microscopy (SEM) images demonstrating the nano-fiber network structure of the fibrin, which enables the gentle embedding of cells, with a vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) shown in d immediately after the gelation of the fibrin within a web-like network surrounded by cell culture medium. Reproduced from Ref. [86] Jockenhoevel and Flanagan... 

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