Coefficient, effective

If the vapor is superheated at the inlet, the vapor may first be desuperheated by sensible heat transfer from the vapor. This occurs if the surface temperature is above the saturation temperature, and a single-phase heat-transfer correlation is used. If the surface is below the saturation temperature, condensation will occur directly from the superheated vapor, and the effective coefficient is determined from the appropriate condensation correlation, using the saturation temperature in the LMTD. To determine whether or not condensation will occur directly from the superheated vapor, calculate the surface temperature by assuming single-phase heat transfer. 

Note Kd = effective coefficient of discharge for valve = 0.973 for equations above and Equations 7-25, 26, 27... 

The percentage effect of the fouling factor on the effective overall heat transfer coefficient is considerably more on units with the normally high value of a clean unfouled coefficient than for one of low value. For example, a unit with a clean overall coefficient of 400 when corrected for 0.003 total fouling ends up with an effective coefficient of 180, but a unit with a clean coefficient of 60, when corrected for a 0.003 fouling allowance, shows an effective coefficient of 50.5 (see Figure 10-39). 

Furthermore, for calculating the effective coefficient of quasi-diffusion in a composite (D) with the corresponding limitation of the entire process of heterogeneous mass-exchange, equations reported in Section 5.1 may be used. The high kinetic permeability of cellosorbents for large organic ions are listed in Table 16. 

The net heat flux is taken here to represent radiative heating in an environment at Tcx, with an initial temperature T,yj as well. From Equation (7.20) a more general form can apply if the flame heat flux is taken as constant. This nonlinear problem cannot yield an analytical solution. To circumvent this difficulty, the radiative loss term is approximated by a linearized relationship using an effective coefficient, hr ... 

Many salt minerals have water of crystallization in their crystal structnre. Such water of hydration can provide information on the isotope compositions and/or temperatures of brines from which the minerals were deposited. To interpret snch isotope data, it is necessary to know the fractionation factors between the hydration water and the solntion from which they are deposited. Several experimental studies have been made to determine these fractionation factors (Matsno et al. 1972 Mat-subaya and Sakai 1973 Stewart 1974 Horita 1989). Becanse most saline minerals equilibrate only with highly saline solutions, the isotopic activity and isotopic concentration ratio of water in the solntion are not the same (Sofer and Gat 1972). Most studies determined the isotopic concentration ratios of the sonrce solntion and as Horita (1989) demonstrated, these fractionation factors have to be corrected using the salt effect coefficients when applied to natural settings (Table 3.2). 

Table 3.2 Experimentally determined fractionation factors of salt minerals and their corrections using salt effect coefficients (after Horita 1989)...

Examples of sublesions are single chromosome breaks that combine to produce a dicentric aberration or single-strand DNA breaks, which, when in close proximity, result in double-stranded DNA breaks. The expression, Eq. (35), provides the link between the micro-dosimetric quantity z, and the dose-effect coefficients a and p. 

The system (12)-(13) could be compared with the corresponding non-dimensional effective equations obtained by Paine et al. (1983). After substituting the Equation (13) at the place of dtCs in Equation (12), we see that our effective Equations (12) and (13) coincide with the effective non-dimensional system (39)-(40), Paine et al. (1983, p. 1784). There is however a notable difference the system (39)-(40) from Paine et al. (1983) contains the parameters A, A2, K and Sh which depend non-locally on c and Cg. Instead we give explicit values of the effective coefficients. 

If we compare the non-dimensior al effective equation (18) with the corresponding equation (57), from Paine et al. (1983, p. 1786), we find out that they have the same form. Contrary to Paine et al. (1983), we have calculated the effective coefficients and we find them independent of the time and of the moments of c. 

To construct the central composite design to estimate the coefficients of the second-order model (equation (14)), usually a fractional factorial design of at least resolution V is used. In this case, if the model is valid, then all of the estimates of the main effect coefficients, p., and the interaction coefficients, p. are imbiased. An alternative to the central composite designs for estimating the coefficients of the second-order model are the Box-Behnken designs or the designs referenced in Section 2.2.5. 

It is well known that insertion of the above effective coefficients Se and Pe or De = Pe/Se into Eqs. (2) or (3) respectively, does not lead to the correct description of transient diffusion. However, the behaviour of the ideal Fickian system defined by Se and Pe or De constitutes a useful standard of reference. Given the appropriate theoretical background, one may then deduce information about S(X), DT(X) from the nature and magnitude of the deviation of suitable observed kinetic parameters from the calculated Fickian values. 

It is noteworthy that the effective coefficients Pe, De and Sc are obtainable in this way without recourse to equilibrium sorption measurements. This amounts to a kinetic method of measuring Se, exactly analogous to that applicable to ideal systems (where measurement of La(l) suffices for this purpose). This method is also applicable... 

The first- and second-order Zeeman effect coefficients in the expansion of equation (62) are defined by the quantum numbers which specify the atomic energy level. They are in general a function of the direction of the magnetic field with respect to the axis of quantization of the wave functions. They are obtained by the use of the magnetic moment operator for the appropriate direction, q = x,y ox z ... 

For state separations of the order of kT the first- and second-order Zeeman effect coefficients for equation (65) are both important and the exponents vary with temperature there results complicated expressions for the magnetic behaviour for which a general expression has been developed.2-28... 

Since this depth is significantly smaller than the dimensions of the piece of catalyst, and at the same time is much greater than the diameter of individual pores, the phenomenon can be represented schematically by introducing the effective coefficient of diffusion through the porous substance (which depends on the number of the pores and their diameters), and by examining a layer of the catalyst of indefinite depth with a flat surface. 

What constitutes the ideal tower To some, it is one that heats the air to the inlet-water temperature, whereas to others, it is a tower that cools the water to the wet-bulb temperature. The term effectiveness coefficient or efficiency of the tower gives an indication of how close we are to the ideal case. In cooling tower practice, such a coefficient can be meaningless as the general attitude throughout industry is that the most efficient tower is the one that is simply the most economical,... 

In an attempt to justify the assumption of plasticization put forth in their interpretation of 3 in Eq (A-2), Raucher and Sefcik compare transport data and NMR data for the C02/pvC system This comparison has several questionable aspects To relate local molecular chain motions to the diffusion coefficient of a penetrant, one should use the so-called local effective coefficient, Deff O such as shown in Figure 5 rather than an average or "apparent" diffusion coefficient as was employed by these authors Deff(C) describes the effects of the local sorbed concentration on the ability of the average penetrant to respond to a concentration or chemical potential gradient in that region ... 

Nielson KK, Rogers VC. 1981. Health effect coefficients for radium and radon released in the mining and milling of uranium. In Gomez M, ed. Radiation Hazards in Mining, 760-763. 

With the design in Figs. 3.34 and 3.35, the calculating formulas for the coefficient estimates bf and b2l (f=0, 1, 2 and 3) involve simple linear combinations of the average responses at the design points. Denoting the observed response value to the trial ad by ad for example, the estimates of the linear and main effect coefficients are calculated as ... 

The rated coefficient of discharge for an SRV, determined per the applicable certification standards, is generally less than the effective coefficient of discharge used in API RP 520 (particularly for vapour service valves where the effective coefficient of discharge is typically around 0.975). This is particularly true for valves certified per the rules of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, where the average coefficient from a series of valve test results is multiplied by 0.9 to establish a rated coefficient of discharge (as seen earlier in Section 3.6). For this... 

The effective orifice size and effective coefficient of discharge specified in the API Standards are assumed values used for initial selection of an SRV size from configurations specified in API 526, independent of an individual valve manufacturer s design. In most cases, the actual area and the rated coefficient of discharge for an API-lettered orifice valve are designed so that the actual certified capacity meets or exceeds the capacity calculated using the methods presented in API 520. 

K = Effective coefficient of discharge (typically between 0.85 and 0.90 depending on the manufacturer)... 

Estimated Factor and Interaction Effects, Coefficients for Predictive Mathematical Models, and p Values... 

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