Effect on yields

The introduction of additional alkyl groups mostly involves the formation of a bond between a carbanion and a carbon attached to a suitable leaving group. S,.,2-reactions prevail, although radical mechanisms are also possible, especially if organometallic compounds are involved. Since many carbanions and radicals are easily oxidized by oxygen, working under inert gas is advised, until it has been shown for each specific reaction that air has no harmful effect on yields. 

If it is assumed that uniform tensile stress, like uniform compressive stress (7), has no significant effect on yield, then the yield pressure of a cylinder subjected solely to an internal pressure may be calculated from... 

How closely a design approaches minimum energy is largely determined by the raw materials and catalyst system chosen. However, if reaction temperature, residence time, and diluent are the only variables, there is still a tremendous opportunity to influence energy use via the effect on yield. Even given none of these, there is stiU wide freedom to optimize the heat interchange system (see Reactor technology). 

The oxidation has also been accomplished with Claycop (montmorillonite K-10 clay supported cupric nitrate). The reaction of 96 to 102 was complete in 1.5-7 h with 81-93% yields. The time can be reduced to 5-10 minutes using ultrasound with minimal effect on yields. The major limitation of this protocol was the observation that only R = aryl gave product. Oxidation of 4-alkyl substituents was inert to these conditions with recovery of starting 96. 

Table II summarizes the yields obtained from the CONGAS computer output variable study of the gas phase polymerization of propylene. The reactor is assumed to be a perfect backmix type. The base case for this comparison corresponds to the most active BASF TiC 3 operated at almost the same conditions used by Wisseroth, 80 C and 400 psig. Agitation speed is assumed to have no effect on yield provided there is sufficient mixing. The variable study is divided into two parts for discussion catalyst parameters and reactor conditions. The catalyst is characterized by kg , X, and d7. Percent solubles is not considered because there is presently so little kinetic data to describe this. The reactor conditions chosen for study are those that have some significant effect on the kinetics temperature, pressure, and gas composition.

Several different companies have greened various steps of the process. In VNB production by-products come from competing Diels-Alder reactions and polymerization, largely of cyclopentadiene. The reaction is usually carried out in a continuous tube reactor, but this results in fouling, due to polymerization, at the front end, where the dicyclopentadiene is cracked to cyclopentadiene at temperatures over 175 °C. Whilst fouling does not have a very significant effect on yield, over time it builds up. 

Hunter and Grant (1971) showed that the magnitude of the altitude effect on yield varied with season. In spring, yields were decreased by some 5% for every 30.5 m rise in altitude and in autumn by 1.8%. In summer, yield trends were non-significant or reversed, highest yields sometimes occurring at the higher altitudes. This result was related to the development of moisture stress at lower altitudes. 

Mahler R.J., Bingham F.T., Page A.L. Cadmium-enriched sewage sludge application to acid and calcareous soils Effect on yield and cadmium uptake by lettuce and chard. J Environ Qual 1978 7 274-281. 

HZSM-5 was used, the starting material (12) was recovered in 69% yield, a result most probably attributable to its more confined-pore structure. However, the highest regioselectivity for the furanoside/pyranoside form (14 1) was obtained with this medium-pore zeolite. It could also be concluded that the external surface area of the zeolites and the Lewis acid sites (Table II), do not have any effect on yield/ regioselectivity of this reaction. 

Using the bulk fermentation method produce a control sample to the standard recipe and a test sample without adding sugar. Compare the two batches to see if adding sugar speeds up the process, checking the effects on yield, loaf shape, loaf volume and product taste. 

No effect on yield when planted at least 8 weeks after atrazine application (Brecke et al. 1981)... 

When heavy infestations of weevil are controlled with insecticides rather than by drainage, the depressing effects on yield of drainage and of root destruction by weevils would be avoided. While it remains to be proved, it would appear that under conditions of heavy infestations insecticidal control without drainage should materially increase yields. Should future work show that similar results may be regularly obtained, we may conclude that insecticidal control of the rice water weevil is more effective, is cheaper, produces higher yields, requires less water, and will materially lessen the mosquito populations of the rice area. 

Keren, R., Meiri, A., Kalo, Y. Plant spacing effect on yield of cotton irrigated with saline waters. Plant and Soil 74(3), 461 65 (1983)... 

Hoffman, G. J., E. V. Maas, and S. L. Rawlins. Salinity-ozone interactive effects on yield and water relations of pinto bean. J. Environ. Qual. 2 148-152. 1973. 

Manning, W. J., W. A. Feder, and P. M. Vardaro. Suppression of oxidant injury by benomyl Effects on yields of bean cultivars in the field. J. Environ. Qual. 3 1-3, 1974. 

Table II. Solvent Effect on Yields of Poly (Cyclohexyl Methyl) Silane.

Some of the demonstrated increases in the percentage of sucrose in the sugarcane have been accompanied by overall decreases in sugarcane yield per unit area. Other experiments have shown no effects on yield. 

Even with this unequal distribution there may be little effect on yield of distillate from a substantially fresh water feed hence the high output of the still from distilled water feed. With sea water, 3 to 4% NaCl equivalent, the average or effective boiling point elevation becomes unequal on the two rotors. Thus if a 50% cut is secured and the lower rotor receives twice the feed of the upper, the average residue concentrate of 7% brine from 3.5% feed could be an actual 10% from the upper periphery and 5% from the lower, supposing equal rates of distillation. Actually because of -the different elevations of boiling point (1.1° and 1.8° F.) the rate of evaporation from the upper rotor decreases while that from the lower rotor increases but less than proportionally because of the added thickness of the feed layer. Later experiments at Columbus on the No. 4 machine suggest that this situation existed in the No. 5 still. 

Warming takes approximately 3 hr. The reaction is complete by this time and can be worked up. Alternatively, the mixture may be stirred at room temperature for at least 12 hr (overnight) without any deleterious effect on yield. 

While the chemical and organoleptic results cannot be directly correlated, it should be remembered that only a small fraction of the known chemical products were included in this investigation. Investigation of irradiation temperature effects on yields of other chemical products may well produce better correlation with flavor scores. 

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