Benomyl effectiveness

Manning, W. J., W. A. Feder, and P. M. Vardaro. Suppression of oxidant injury by benomyl Effects on yields of bean cultivars in the field. J. Environ. Qual. 3 1-3, 1974. 

The method was then applied to extracts of orange peel but neither benomyl or thiophanate methyl were recovered as the parent compounds due to their well-known conversion to carbendazim during the extraction process - this is an effect that is not encountered when analysing standards. 

Pellissier, M. Effect of Foliar and Root Treatments of Benomyl in Reducing Ozone Injury to Pinto Bean and Cucumber. (Center for Air Envirmunent Studies PuU. 213-71) M. S. Thesis. University Park Pennsylvania State University. 1971. 49 pp. 

Pellissier, M., N. L. Lacasse, and H. Cole, Jr. Effectiveness of benomyl and benomyl-folicote treatments in reducing ozone injury to pinto beans. J. Air Pdlut. Control Assoc. 22 722-725, 1972. 

Li, C.Y. and Nelson, E.E. Persistence of benomyl and captan and their effects on microbial activity in field soils, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 34(4) 533-540,1985. 

Ramakrishna, C., Gowda, T.K.S., and Sethunathan, N. Effect of benomyl and its hydrolysis products. MBC and AB. on nitrification in a flooded soil. Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 21(3) 328-333, 1979. 

Hurtt ME, Mebus CA, Bogdanffy MS Investigation of the effects of benomyl on rat nasal mucosa. Fundam Appl Toxicol 21 25 3-2 5 5, 1993... 

Destruction of cohesin allows the spindle microtubules to pull the separated chromatids to opposite poles of the cell. Failure of spindle attachment to a single kinetochore activates the SAC (spindle assembly checkpoint), which arrests cells at metaphase until corrections are effected and equal distribution of chromosomes has been ensured. A sensory mechanism initiates the wait anaphase signal from an imattached kinetochore and triggers the accu mulation of the checkpoint components that comprise the Bub (budding uninhibited by benomyl)-Mad (mitotic arrest deficient) families of proteins. 

Selectivity is brilliantly displayed by a multiplicity of compounds developed for the control of powdery mildews. For 148 years from 1803 until 1951 sulfur was the only significant fungicide for powdery mildew. In 1949 a new fungicide appeared with the publication of 6-(1-methylheptyl)-2,4 dinitro-phenyl crotonate (8). Two years later Yarwood reported (9) its anti-powdery mildew properties. It went on to worldwide usage and thus stimulated a vast search for others. Now we have many effective compounds, including benomyl, binapacryl, dodemorph, folpet, parinol, piperalin, pyrazophos, thiophanate, tridemorph, triforine, and dthers. 

Benomyl is a synthetic, organic fungistat having little or no acute toxic effect in mammals. No systemic poisonings have been reported in humans. Although the molecule contains a carbamate grouping, benomyl is not a cholinesterase inhibitor. It is poorly absorbed across skin that which is absorbed is promptly metabolized and excreted. 

McLean WG, Holme AD, Janneh O, et al. The effect of benomyl on neurite outgrowth in mouse NB2A and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in vitro. Neurotoxicology. 1998,19 629-632. 

Benomyl is a protective and eradicant fungicide that is especially effective against a wide range of fungi affecting fruits, nuts, vegetables, turf, and field crops. The manufacturer (DuPont Crop Protection) ceased all manufacturing and sales of benomyl on December 31, 2001. 

Benomyl is a microtubule-disrupting agent in fungi. This agent may cause chromosomal aberrations (e.g., aneuploidy). There is very little evidence of benomyl toxicity in mammals, however. Benomyl itself does not have any direct effect on acetylcholinesterase. Under certain conditions, however, benomyl breaks down to produce carbendazim and butyl isocyanate, of which the isocyanate is an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase with comparable potency to some active organophosphorus inhibitors. 

Little is known regarding chronic effects of benomyl in humans. 

Vink, K. and Van Straalen, N.M. (1999) Effects of benomyl and diazinon on isopod-mediated leaf litter decomposition in microcosms. Pedobiologia, 43, 345-359. 

Stringer, A. and Wright, M.A., 1973. Effect of benomyl and some related compounds on Lumbricus terrestris and other earthworms. Pesticide Science. 4, 165-170. 

The active substance has a systemic effect. It is translocated (Weinke et ai, 1969), but more slowly than benomyl or MBC (Wang et ai. 1971 Ben-Arie, 1975). The metal salt complexes of thiabendazole also have a fungicidal effect (Miller et ai,... 

Benomyl has been frequently reported to be more effective than MBC although both compounds exhibited similar toxic effect. Kdller et al. (1982) found that benomyl, but not MBC inhibits cutinase from Fusarium solani by the reaction of butylisocyanate and prevents under controlled conditions of a bioassay, the fungal penetration into its host suggesting the possibility of a dual mode of action for this fungicide. 

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