Effect of smoking

Refs 1) R.P. Teele HJK. Hammond, Development of a Laboratory Test for Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Smoke Signals , NBS Rept 4742 (1956) 2) Anon, Military Chemis-... 

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ Case study adverse effects of smoking marijuana while receiving tricyclic antidepressants. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 481 85, 1997... 

Smoking. The effects of smoking on the formation of N-nitros-amines in bacon has been investigated recently by Bharucha et al. ( ). They reported that unsmoked bacon samples generally tended to contain more N-nitrosamines, presumably because of their higher nitrite content at the time of frying. Sink and Hsu (55) showed a lowering of residual nitrite in a liquid smoke dip process for frankfurters when the pH also was lowered. The effects of smoke seem to be a combination of pH decrease and direct C-nitrosation of phenolic compounds to lower the residual nitrite in the product (56). This is an area which requires further study since certain C-nitrosophenols have been shown to catalytically transnitrosate amines in model systems (57). 

Two recent studies seem to demonstrate that lycopene is able to counteract the dangerous effects of smoke by acting through a mechanism involving IGF-1 and/or Akt pathways. In the lung of ferrets, it has been shown that cigarette smoke-induced lesions (e.g., squamous metaplasia,... 

Breese, C., Marks, M., Logel, J. et al. Effect of smoking history on [3H]nicotine binding in human postmortem brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Then 282 7, 1997. 

Chait LD and Pierri J (1992). Effect of smoked marijuana on human performance A critical review. In A Murphy and J Bartke (eds), Marijuana/Cannabinoids Neurobiology and... 

Viswesvaran C and Schmidt FL (1992). A meta-analytic comparison of the effectiveness of smoking cessation methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 554-561. 

Cross,F.T., Palmer,R.F., Filipy,R.E., Busch,R.H. and B.O. Stuart, Study on the Combined Effects of Smoking and Inhalation of Uranium Ore Dust, Radon Daughters and Diesel Oil Exhaust Fumes in Hamsters and Dogs, Pacific Northwest Laboratory Rep. No. PNL-2744> Richland, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA., USA (1978). 

A number of epidemiological studies have been conducted to evaluate the association between lung cancer and occupational exposure to acrylonitrile (Collins et al. 1989 Delzell and Monson 1982 Kiesselbach et al. 1979 O Berg 1980 O Berg et al. 1985). Flowever, many of the studies suffer from deficiencies such as an insufficient quantification of exposure, short follow-up, small and relatively youthful cohorts or lack of consideration of the effects of smoking, and the results of the studies are often inconsistent. 

Whenever the effects of smoke will affect personnel adequate respiratory protection must be provided, such as smoke resistant barriers and fresh air supplies. 

Fukayama H, Nasu M, Murakami S, et al. 1992. Examination of antithyroid effects of smoking products in cultured thyroid follicles only thiocyanate is a potent antithyroid agent. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 127(6) 520-525. 

Becker RHA, Sha S, Frick AD, Fountaine RJ (2006) The effect of smoking cessation and subsequent resumption on absorption of inhaled insulin. Diabetes Care 29 277-282. 

The harmful effects of smoking and chewing tobacco (e.g., cancer, emphysema) make it an impractical form of drug delivery, but other delivery systems such as gum and transdermal patches may circumvent this problem. Alternatively, other nicotinic drugs are under development, such as ABT-418, which may create the desired clinical effects and minimize side effects. 

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