Economics profitable production

Successful market implementation of integrated biorefineries requires reliable processing units combined with environmentally acceptable and economically profitable production chains. Development and implementation of the biorefinery concept should include crop cultivation and the selection of crops that maximize fuU chain performance. 

Calculations of economic profitability can only be predictive in the phase of process development, before a plant is on stream for a long time. Therefore, individual components of costs and market evaluations will bear some uncertainty. This uncertainty is relatively high for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The impact of these uncertainties on the profitability of a process may be quantified by a sensitivity analysis. This analysis provides information about the sensitivity of the process economics to changes in parameters relevant for the profitability (investment costs, price and consumption of raw materials, utility unit costs, product value and demand, etc.), and therefore on the reliability of the result of the economic evaluation. In the early stages of process development, a high sensitivity indicates the areas requiring attention for continued R D work. 

The process used nowadays differs only slightly from the original developed by von Baeyer, and excellent yields can be obtained, at economically profitable expenses, provided that the products are recycled and the byproducts recovered. 

It is possible to increase the efficiency to over 85% with an economic profit at higher thermal integration. There are two types of steam reformers for small-scale hydrogen production conventional reduced-scale reformers and specially designed reformers for fuel cells. 

Removing profit would lead to the right conclusion, analytically, but what advice does it give decision makers If economic profits are indeed positive, but the decision on whether or not to permit firms to develop and introduce a new product is based on AWP less above-normal profits, more products will be judged to be effective than if AWP had been used. But if firms are in fact reimbursed at AWP, their expected profit from investment in R D will rise. The products firms are thus induced to develop because of the excess profits may not be efficient, and, from the standpoint of economic efficiency, they should not be produced. Yet the price signals will be telling firms to invest. Some method will need to be found to resolve this conflict. Efficient decisions based on correct cost-effectiveness analysis may well conflict with the price signals that may follow for implementation of those decisions. This is an issue for both country U and country T. 

The chemical plant considered here is capable of producing 0.346 kg/hr of pharmaceutical-containing microparticles. To complete the discussion about economic profitability we need a price for the final product. In Table 8.3-5 we assumed a value of 220 EUR/kg. 

The world s oceans hold 1.37x10 of water (97.2% of the total amount of water of the hydrosphere). They cover 71% of the earth s surface, are actually the biggest reservoir on our planet, and contain many important minerals. The overall content of mineral matter in the oceans is estimated to be about 5 x 10 tons [1,2]. The seas contain virtually all of the naturally occurring elements and are the only universal source of mineral wealth that is available to most nations. For some of them it is the only source. Yet, most of the elements, the microelements, are available in very low concentrations, i.e., in parts per billion (ppb). The products being extracted from seawater with economic profit at present are sodium chloride, magnesium compounds, and bromine [2-4]. During the last two decades there has been growing interest in the possibility of commercial recovery of additional minerals from seawater [5] and brines [6]. 

The final factors necessary for a product of biotechnology or any science to be successful are economics, profitability and farmer acceptance. The user may not understand or care about the degree of scientific sophistication or what marvelous discoveries have led to the final product. He will only ask "Is it simple to use, economical and will it make me a profit " We must also realize that in most cases, the products of biotechnology will either be introduced in competition with chemicals or other products that are already accepted and are satisfying most needs, or they will enter new areas and markets where nothing is presently available or satisfactory. Both conditions present serious economic risks and acceptance problems. 

A knowledge of the rate at which a reaction takes place is often crucial. In industry, reactions are economically profitable only if the yield of product is sufficient and if the products are made in a short enough time. In the chemistry of pollution, the rates at which a pollutant is formed and destroyed are important factors in assessing the hazard posed by the pollutant. 

According to APICS s statistics, only one ERP system can bring the enterprise the following economic profits (1) Productivity can be increased by 10%-l 5% (2) Stock can be decreased by 30%-50% (3) Productive cost can be decreased by 12% (4) The wait time for materials can be decreased by 60%. It has been 20 years since ERP management concept flourished and applied in Chinese enterprise when the implement of ERP is not optimistic in Chinese enterprise, especially in coal enterprise. 

A specific batch bioreactor application depends on multiple internal and external factors however, general rules of thumb and process-specific improvements can be employed to make a smarter and more profitable selection. Batch bioreactor selectivity is based on the following factors economic balance, production scale, reaction times, production flexibility, and the nature of the process and product (Donati and Paludetto, 1999). Typically, batch bioreactors are used for smaller operations, specialty products, long growth periods (bioreactor of choice by elimination), operations in which flexibility is vital, unsteady processes, and experimental development (Donati and Paludetto, 1999 Simon et al., 2006 Williams, 2002). 

Figure 2.11. Schematic representation of optimal operating point for a process based on different economic criteria. Productivity may be obtained from the tangent to the curve. Reaction times t j, maximum productivity in a continuous process t2, maximum productivity in a discontinuous process with tg = deadtime maximum profit t4, minimum cost t, maximum conversion—maximum product concentration as S -> 0.

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