Hydrogen production small-scale

Many potential applications are under study. Miniature chemical reactors could be used for portable applications in which they provide advantages of rapid startup and shutdown and of increased safety (intensification by requiring only small quantities of hazardous materials). The development of chip-scale chemical and biological analysis systems has the potential to reduce the time and cost associated with conventional laboratory methods. These devices could be used as portable analysis systems for detection of hazardous chemicals in air and water. There is considerable interest in using a microreactor to provide in situ production of hydrogen for small-scale fuel-cell power applications by conducting a reformation reaction from some liquid hydrocarbon raw material (e.g., methanol). 

Onsite production of hydrogen via small scale steam reforming of natural gas at the refueling station... 

Demonstration of hydrogen-fueled, small-scale power generation for local (distributed) electricity production... 

Pure iron, when needed, is produced on a relatively small scale by the reduction of the pure oxide or hydroxide with hydrogen, or by the carbonyl process in which iron is heated with carbon monoxide under pressure and the Fe(CO)5 so formed decomposed at 250°C to give the powdered metal. However, it is not in the pure state but in the form of an enormous variety of steels that iron finds its most widespread uses, the world s annual production being over 700 million tonnes. 

In 1996, consumption in the western world was 14.2 tonnes of rhodium and 3.8 tonnes of iridium. Unquestionably the main uses of rhodium (over 90%) are now catalytic, e.g. for the control of exhaust emissions in the car (automobile) industry and, in the form of phosphine complexes, in hydrogenation and hydroformylation reactions where it is frequently more efficient than the more commonly used cobalt catalysts. Iridium is used in the coating of anodes in chloralkali plant and as a catalyst in the production of acetic acid. It also finds small-scale applications in specialist hard alloys. 

Small-scale gasifiers for distributed generation market, including hydrogen production... 

Industrial interest in the application of enantioselective catalysts began in earnest during the mid-1960s when the first reports of successful enantioselective transformations with homogeneous metal complexes were published. Within a surprisingly short period, production processes for two small-scale products, L-dopa (hydrogenation) and cilostatin (cyclopropanation) were developed and implemented by... 

The catalyst activity, given as average turnover frequency (TOF mol product per mol catalyst per reaction time units h-1), affects the production capacity. For hydrogenations, TOFs should be >200h 1 for small-scale products, and >10000 IT1 for large-scale products. Due to lower catalyst costs and often higher added values, lower TON and TOF values are acceptable for enantioselective oxidation and C-C bond-forming reactions. 

Most chiral chemicals are relatively small-scale products (1 to 1000 tonnes per year for pharmaceuticals, 500 to 10000 tonnes per year for agrochemicals) that are usually produced in multipurpose batch equipment This is probably the case for most catalytic reactions described in this chapter however, as a rule very little information on process technology is provided by the manufacturers. Here, we will discuss only briefly the reactor choices for hydrogenation reaction typically carried out in the liquid phase. For a successful implementation the following demands must be met ... 

Stirred tank reactors are mostly used because they provide a rapid means of obtaining a uniform composition and temperature throughout the reaction mixture they also offer the flexibility required for the small-scale production of many different molecules. Companies such as Biazzi, Davy Process Technology (Buss loop technology), DeDietrich and others provide technology adapted to hydrogenations (i.e., pressures up to 100 bar and temperatures up to 200 °C) [45-47]. Here, some scale-up issues related to stirred tank reactors are described. 

Small-scale (fossil-based) hydrogen production processes, 13 844 Small-signal value, 14 666 Small water-soluble molecules in hemodialysis, 26 820-821 Smaltite, 7 209t Smart emulsions, 10 131 Smart pills, 24 61-62... 

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