Production economics

Concentration and Aroma Recovery. Most of the citms juice sold and transported internationally is as frozen concentrate, usually 60—65 °Brix. Because single-strength citms juices generally are 7—12 °Brix solutions, a fivefold or greater concentration has occurred, making the concentrate a more economical product to freeze, store, and transport. 

In more recent years, molded flexible foam products are becoming more popular. The bulk of the molded flexible urethane foam is employed in the transportation industry, where it is highly suitable for the manufacture of seat cushions, back cushions, and bucket-seat padding. TDI prepolymers were used in flexible foam mol ding ia conjunction with polyether polyols. The introduction of organotin catalysts and efficient siHcone surfactants faciHtates one-shot foam mol ding, which is the most economical production method. 

Because PEA is such an important fragrance material this simple, essentially one-step process has been exhaustively studied to optimize reaction conditions and purification procedures. Because of the high reactivity of the iatermediates and the tendency toward polymer formation, critical factors such as throughput, temperature, molar ratios of reactants, addition rates, reactor materials and design, and agitation rate must be carefully balanced to provide an economical product with acceptable odor properties. 

Bacterial Cellulose. Development of a new strain of Acetobacter may lead to economical production of another novel ceUulose. CeUulon fiber has a very fine fiber diameter and therefore a much larger surface area, which makes it physicaUy distinct from wood ceUulose. Its physical properties mote closely resemble those of the microcrystalline ceUuloses thus it feels smooth ia the mouth, has a high water-binding capacity, and provides viscous aqueous dispersions at low concentration. It iateracts synergisticaUy with xanthan and CMC for enhanced viscosity and stabUity. 

Sulfur Dyes. These are a special case of vat dyes and behave in an analogous manner except that the reducing agent used is sodium sulfide. In order to obtain rapid oxidation chemical oxidizing agents are used. The main outlet for these dyes is in the economic production of navy and black shades on woven fabrics by continuous dyeing, often applying the pre-reduced form of the sulfur dye. 

Damage any reduction in the intended use or value of a biological or physical resource. For example, economic production, ecological structure or function, aesthetic value, or biological or genetic diversity that may be altered by a pollutant. 

Promotes the environmentally sound use of crop protection products for the economical production of safe, high quality, abundant food, fiber and other crops. 

Some of the reasons are aesthetic, and on many larger articles, such as motorcars, an attractive appearance is achieved by a careful visual balance between parts which are finished and protected by electroplating, and parts which are protected by organic finishes. In many other instances the manufacture of parts from corrosion-resistant materials is ruled out because of the relatively high cost of such materials, and in some cases the physical properties of the appropriate corrosion-resistant materials may render them either unsuitable for economic production or unable to perform the function for which the article is required. 

Measurement of all these parameters provides suffident information to evaluate foe fermentation and leads to the economical production of foe amino add. We will now discuss several relevant parameters seperately with foe help of foe data obtained (see Figure 8.5). 

A disadvantage for tubular plates is the fact that a minimum tube diameter between 6 and 8 mm is required for economic production, but the tube diameter corresponds... 

Not all product components are subjected to a load in fact most are not subjected to loads requiring an engineering analysis via engineering equations, etc. Experience in the material behavior on similar products and/or similar performance requirements are all that is needed. In these products designers become involved in their processing features that will prevent or reduce internal stresses, with elements that will lead to consistent and economical production, with appearance and dimensional control, etc. 

Cost advantage with tight tolerance Economical production requires that tolerances... 

Plastic membrane This is done by the use of a water permeable plastic membrane held deep enough under the sea so that the hydrostatic pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure of the seawater. The water distills out of the solution through the membrane and is pumped to the surface. Large areas of the membranes, mechanically supported to withstand the very high pressures are essential to make the process perform rapidly for the most economical production. 

Subject to the limitations indicated, control over extrusion process products is consistent enough to make a uniform repeatable product once the limitations are accommodated. Here, as in other processing, good communication between the processor and the designer will help make for a successful economical product. 

To achieve the desired cast density for Octol of 1.8g/cc it is necessary that the ratio of HMX TNT be 3 1. However, at this ratio the apparent viscosity, or efflux, is strongly dependent on the polymorphic variety of HMX used and on its particle size distribution. In the initial pilot production of Octol (Ref 3) it was found that for the desired efflux of < 15 sec, 60—70% of the solid HMX must consist of the beta-polymorph having particle diameters in the range of 500—800 microns. Such precise control of particle size was not possible at that time and early Octol casts were made at approximately 50 secs efflux. The economical production of Octol with a satisfactorily short efflux time continues to present a problem in loading shells with this expl (Refs 4, 11 29)... 

The titanates are an important group of mixed oxides with unusual optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. Many of these materials can be deposited by CVD, and CVD may soon become an economical production process.t" i] The most important titanates are as follows. 

The subsequent accumulation of economic production was severely retarded until new tillers grew and started to store sugar. At harvest this new growth totalled 55% of the final yield, with a total productivity loss, resulting from the hurricane, of 20%. 

Undoubtedly the establishment of toxicological research organizations will be costly, but the cost will be much less than the cost of not establishing them. There are many difficulties to be faced, but none is greater than the practical difficulties which manufacturers of modern synthetic chemicals continually face in their visions of new products or in their attempts at more economic production of well known products. 

Ahlgren, RM. Economic Production of Boiler Water through Membrane Methods, pamphlet published by Aqua-Chem Inc., Waukesha, 1970. 

A key factor in the economical production of industrially important microbial components is an efficient large-scale cell disruption process [43, 44]. The need for an efficient microbial cell disruption operation has always hindered the... 

In respect of designing an economic production process, the stoichiometric cofactor required in carbonyl reductions or the respective oxidation reactions needs to be minimized that is, enabled by recycling of the cofactor. The measure for the efficiency of the recycling process is the total turnover number (TTN), which describes the moles of product synthesized in relation to the moles of cofactor needed. The different approaches in cofactor recycling were recently reviewed by Goldberg et at. [12]. 

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