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Kremer, M. (1997), Patent buy-outs a mechanism for encouraging innovation , Cambridge National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), working paper no 6304. 

Berndt, Ernst R., Margaret K. Kyle, and Davina C. Ling. 2003. The Long Shadow of Patent Expiration Generic Entry and Rx to OTC Switches. Chapter 8 in Scanner Data and Price Indexes, NBER Series on the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 61, ed. by Robert C. Feenstra and Matthew D. Shapiro, 229-267. Chicago University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research. 

Cockburn, Iain M., Rebecca Henderson, and Scott Stern. 1999. The Diffusion of Science Driven Drug Discovery, Organizational Change in Pharmaceutical Research. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 7359. 

Cohen, Wesley M., Richard R. Nelson, and John P. Walsh. 2002. Protecting Their Intellectual Assets Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (Or Not). National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 7552. 

Ellison, Sara Fisher, and Wallace P. MuUin. 1997. Gradual Incorporation of Information into Stock Prices Empirical Strategies. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 6218. 

GuedJ, Ilan, and David Scharfstein. 2004. Organizational Scope and Investment Evidence from the Drug Development Strategies of Biopharmaceutical Firms. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper. 

Hsu, J. C., and E. S. Schwartz. 2003. A Model of R D Valuation and the Design of Research Incentives. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 10041. 

Klick, J., and Sara Markowitz. 2003. Are Mental Health Insurance Mandates Effective Evidence from Suicides. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9994. 

Kremer, M., and C. M. Snyder. 2003. Why Are Drugs More Profitable than Vaccines National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9833. 

Learner, Josh, and Alexander Tsai. 2000. Do Equity Financmg Cycles Matter Evidence from Biotechnology Alliances. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper W7464. 

Lichtenberg, Frank R. 1996. The Effect of Pharmaceutical UtUization and Innovation on Hospitalization and Mortality. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 5418. 

Lichtenberg, F., and J. Waldfogel. 2003. Does Misery Love Company Evidence from Pharmaceutical Markets before and after the Orphan Drug Act. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9750. 

Nicholson, S., Patricia M. Danzon, and Geoffrey McCullough. 2002. Biotech-Pharmaceutical Alliances as a Signal of Asset and Firm Quality. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9007. 

Rosenthal, Meredith B., Ernst R. Berndt, Julie M. Donohue, Arnold M. Epstein, and Richard G. Frank. 2003. Demand Effects of Recent Changes in Prescription Drug Promotion, chapter 1 in Frontiers in Health Policy Research, vol. 6, ed. Alan M. Garber, 1-26. Cambridge, MA MIT Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research. 

Stern, Scott, Michael E. Porter, and Jeffrey L. Furman. 2000. The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity. National Bureau of Economics Research Working Paper 7876. 

F. R. Lichtenberg, The Impact of New Drug Launches on Longevity Evidence from Longitudinal, Disease-Level Data from 52 Countries, 1982-2001, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 9754. Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2003. 

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Do unseen musicians get fairer hearings Washington Post, 13 July 1997, based on a report by Cecilia Rouse and Claudia Goldin to the National Bureau of Economic Research. 

Margaret C. Levenstein, Vertical Restraints in the Bromine Cartel The Role of Wholesalers in Facilitating Collusion, National Bureau of Economic Research Historical Working Paper Series, no. 49, July, 1993. 

Garber, A. Ed. Berndt is price inflation for the elderly An empirical analysis of prescription drugs. In Frontiers of Health Policy Research, National Bureau of Economic Research Cambridge, MA, 1998. 

Angrist, J., E. Bettinger, E. Bloom, E. King, and M. Kremer. 2001. Vouchers for Private Schooling in Colombia Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment. Boston National Bureau of Economic Research. 

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Bemdt, E., and Griliches.Z., Prices Indexes for Microcomputers An Exploratory Study, NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. 3378, (Cambridge, MA National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990). 

Wayne B. Gray is Professor of Economics at Clark University, a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research and Coordinator of the Boston Research Data Center of the United States Census Bureau. Gray s research focuses on the consequences of environmental regulation for productivity and risk management. He received an A.B. from Dartmouth College, and an M.A. and Ph.D. from Harvard University. 

Hubbard, T. N., Why Are Process Monitoring Technologies Valuable The Use of On-Board Irfor-mation Technology in the Trucking Industry, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 1998. 

Frederick Macaulay, Some Theoretical Problems Suggested by tbe Movement of Interest Rates, Bond Yields, and Stock Prices in the U.S. Since 1856 (New York National Bureau of Economic Research, 1938). 

D.N. Beede, D.E. Bloom, Economics of the generation and management of MSW. NBER working papers 5116. National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. (1995)... 

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David Card (1996), Deregulation and Labor Earnings in the Airline Industry, Cambridge, Mass., National Bureau of Economic Research. 

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Goldin, C., Katz, L. F. (1998). The shaping of higher education The formative years in the United States, 1890 to 1940. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper no. 6537. 

The International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacmrers and Associations (IFPMA) cite a 2002 study by the National Bureau of Economic Research in the USA that showed that when an older medicine was replaced with one 15 years newer costs were increased by an average of 18, but this reduced hospital and other non-medicine costs by 129 (11, 12). The study suggested that for each additional 1 spent on newer pharmaceuticals, 6.17 was saved in total health spending. 

Lichtenberg, F.R., Benefits and Costs of Newer Drugs An Update. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA June 2002. http //www.nber.org/papers/w8996.pdf... 

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